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Johnjbarton (talk | contribs) →Cosmological first-order phase transitions: Add an intro paragraph, rename the section, and comment on 2nd order, +secondary ref |
Johnjbarton (talk | contribs) →Examples: more clearly separate the likely and speculative cases by renaming and releveling titles |
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Second order transitions are continuous rather than abrupt and are less likely to leave observable imprints cosmic structures.<ref name=Manzudar-2019/>
==Within the standard model==
The [[Standard Model]] of particle physics contains three [[fundamental force]]s, the [[electromagnetic force]], the [[weak force]] and the [[strong force]]. Shortly after the Big Bang, the extremely high temperatures may have modified the character of these forces. While these three forces act differently today, it has been conjectured that they may have been unified in the high temperatures of the early universe.<ref name="georgi-glashow">{{cite journal |last1=Georgi |first1=H. |last2=Glashow |first2=S. L. |title=Unity of All Elementary Forces |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |date=1974 |volume=32 |pages=438–441 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.32.438}}</ref><ref name="weinberg-gauge">{{cite journal |last1=Weinberg |first1=Steven |title=Gauge and Global Symmetries at High Temperature |journal=Phys. Rev. D |date=1974 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=3357–3378|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.9.3357 |bibcode=1974PhRvD...9.3357W }}</ref>
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If the three forces of the Standard Model are unified in a [[Grand Unified Theory]], then there would have been a cosmological phase transition at even higher temperatures, corresponding to the moment when the forces first separated out.<ref name="georgi-glashow" /><ref name="weinberg-gauge" /> Cosmological phase transitions may also have taken place in a dark or [[hidden sector]], amongst particles and fields that are only very weakly coupled to visible matter.
<ref name="Schwaller2015">{{cite journal |last1=Schwaller |first1=Pedro |title=Gravitational waves from a dark phase transition |journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. |date=2015 |volume=115 |issue=18 |pages=181101 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.181101|pmid=26565451 |arxiv=1504.07263 |bibcode=2015PhRvL.115r1101S |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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