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===Linguistic theories===
In studying the syntactic and [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological]] patterns of language alternation, linguists have postulated specific [[Grammar|grammatical]] rules and specific syntactic boundaries for where code-switching might occur.
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For example, Cantone and MacSwan (2009)<ref name=Cantone>{{cite book| last1=Cantone| first1=K. F.| last2=MacSwan| first2=J. |date=2009 |chapter= The syntax of DP-internal codeswitching |pages= 243–278 |editor1-last=Isurin |editor1-first=L. |editor2-last=Winford |editor2-first=D. |editor3-last=de Bot |editor3-first=K. |title=Multidisciplinary Approaches to Codeswitching |___location=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins}}</ref> analyzed word order differences for nouns and adjectives in Italian-German codeswitching using a typological theory of Cinque that had been independently proposed in the syntax literature; their account derives the word order facts of Italian-German codeswitching from underlying differences between the two languages, according to Cinque's theory.{{citation needed | reason= Who is Cinque? What theory? I'm sure it's mentioned in the source cited, but it seems important enough here for a direct link (as 'cited in'), even just copying their ref and adding any online version available.| date= June 2016 }}
Myers-Scotton and MacSwan debated the relative merits of their approaches in a series of exchanges published in 2005 in ''[[Bilingualism: Language and Cognition]]'', issues 8(1) and 8(2).▼
====Other theories====
Much remains to be done before a more complete understanding of code-switching phenomena is achieved. Linguists continue to debate apparent counter-examples to proposed code-switching theories and constraints.<ref name=Bokamba /><ref name="Winford" /><ref name=Bhatt>{{cite book| last=Bhatt |first=Rakesh M. |date=1995 |chapter=Code-switching and the functional head constraint| editor=Janet Fuller |display-editors=etal |title=Proceedings of the Eleventh Eastern States Conference on Linguistics |___location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics |pages=1–12}}</ref>
The ''Closed-class Constraint'', developed by [[Aravind Joshi]], posits that [[closed class]] items (pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, etc.) cannot be switched.<ref name=Joshi>{{cite book| last=Joshi |first=Aravind |date=1985 |chapter=How much context-sensitivity is necessary for assigning structural descriptions: Tree adjoining grammars |editor1-last=Dowty |editor1-first=D. |editor1-link=David Dowty |editor2-last=Karttunen |editor2-first=L. |editor2-link=Lauri Karttunen |editor3-last=Zwicky |editor3-first=A. |editor3-link=Arnold Zwicky |title=Natural Language Parsing |___location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press|chapter-url=https://www.cs.sfu.ca/~anoop/courses/ReadingGroup-Summer-2006/joshi85.pdf }}</ref> The ''Functional Head Constraint'' developed by Belazi et al. holds that code-switching cannot occur between a [[Function word|functional]] [[Head (linguistics)|head]] (a [[complementizer]], a [[Determiner (linguistics)|determiner]], an [[inflection]], etc.) and its complement (sentence, noun-phrase, verb-phrase).<ref name="Belazi" /> These constraints, among others like the Matrix Language-Frame model, are controversial among linguists positing alternative theories, as they are seen to claim universality and make general predictions based upon specific presumptions about the nature of syntax.<ref name="Bokamba" /><ref name="Bhatt" />
▲Myers-Scotton and MacSwan debated the relative merits of their approaches in a series of exchanges published in 2005 in ''[[Bilingualism: Language and Cognition]]'', issues 8(1) and 8(2).
== Neuroscience ==
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