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* National certification schemes, whose application is limited to a single [[European Union|EU]]/[[European Economic Area|EEA]] country;
* European Data Protection Seals, which are recognized by all EU and EEA jurisdictions.
According to Art. 42 GDPR, the purpose of this certification is to demonstrate “compliance with the GDPR of processing operations by controllers and processors”.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Art. 42 GDPR – Certification |url=https://gdpr-info.eu/art-42-gdpr/ |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) |language=en-US}}</ref> There are over 70 references to certification in the GDPR, encompassing various obligations such as:<ref name=":0" />
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Companies operating outside of the EU have invested heavily to align their business practices with GDPR. The area of GDPR consent has a number of implications for businesses who record calls as a matter of practice. A typical disclaimer is not considered sufficient to gain assumed consent to record calls. Additionally, when recording has commenced, should the caller withdraw their consent, then the agent receiving the call must be able to stop a previously started recording and ensure the recording does not get stored.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xewave.io/how-smart-businesses-can-avoid-gdpr-penalties-when-recording-calls/|title=How Smart Businesses Can Avoid GDPR Penalties When Recording Calls|website=xewave.io|access-date=13 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011044/https://www.xewave.io/how-smart-businesses-can-avoid-gdpr-penalties-when-recording-calls/|archive-date=14 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
IT professionals expect that compliance with the GDPR will require additional investment overall: over 80 percent of those surveyed expected GDPR-related spending to be at least US$
The regulations, including whether an enterprise must have a data protection officer, have been criticized for potential administrative burden and unclear compliance requirements.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/new-rules-on-data-protection-pose-compliance-issues-for-firms-1.3397742|title=New rules on data protection pose compliance issues for firms|first=Elaine|last= Edwards|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=22 February 2018|access-date=25 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041717/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/new-rules-on-data-protection-pose-compliance-issues-for-firms-1.3397742|archive-date=26 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Although data minimisation is a requirement, with [[pseudonymization|pseudonymisation]] being one of the possible means, the regulation provides no guidance on how or what constitutes an effective data de-identification scheme, with a grey area on what would be considered as inadequate pseudonymisation subject to Section 5 enforcement actions.<ref name="looking-to">{{cite web |publisher=IAPP |first=Matt |last=Wes |date=25 April 2017 |url=https://iapp.org/news/a/looking-to-comply-with-gdpr-heres-a-primer-on-anonymization-and-pseudonymization/ |title=Looking to comply with GDPR? Here's a primer on anonymization and pseudonymization |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219150511/https://iapp.org/news/a/looking-to-comply-with-gdpr-heres-a-primer-on-anonymization-and-pseudonymization/ |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chassang |first=Gauthier |date=2017 |title=The impact of the EU general data protection regulation on scientific research |journal=ecancermedicalscience |volume=11 |pages=709 |doi=10.3332/ecancer.2017.709 |issn=1754-6605 |pmc=5243137 |pmid=28144283}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tarhonen |first=Laura |year=2017 |url=https://www.edilex.fi/viestintaoikeus/18073 |title=Pseudonymisation of Personal Data According to the General Data Protection Regulation |access-date=19 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219150702/https://www.edilex.fi/viestintaoikeus/18073 |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> There is also concern regarding the implementation of the GDPR in [[blockchain]] systems, as the transparent and fixed record of blockchain transactions contradicts the very nature of the GDPR.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/blockchain-gdpr-report-bai|title=A recent report issued by the Blockchain Association of Ireland has found there are many more questions than answers when it comes to GDPR|website=siliconrepublic.com|date=23 November 2017 |access-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305202537/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/blockchain-gdpr-report-bai|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Many media outlets have commented on the introduction of a "[[right to explanation]]" of algorithmic decisions,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/27/ai-artificial-intelligence-watchdog-needed-to-prevent-discriminatory-automated-decisions|title=AI watchdog needed to regulate automated decision-making, say experts|last=Sample|first=Ian|date=27 January 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=15 July 2017|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618031432/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/27/ai-artificial-intelligence-watchdog-needed-to-prevent-discriminatory-automated-decisions|archive-date=18 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.techzone360.com/topics/techzone/articles/2017/01/25/429101-eus-right-explanation-harmful-restriction-artificial-intelligence.htm|title=EU's Right to Explanation: A Harmful Restriction on Artificial Intelligence|website=techzone360.com|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804005751/http://www.techzone360.com/topics/techzone/articles/2017/01/25/429101-eus-right-explanation-harmful-restriction-artificial-intelligence.htm|archive-date=4 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> but legal scholars have since argued that the existence of such a right is highly unclear without judicial tests and is limited at best.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wachter|first1=Sandra|last2=Mittelstadt|first2=Brent|last3=Floridi|first3=Luciano|date=28 December 2016|title=Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation|ssrn=2903469|journal=International Data Privacy Law}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Edwards|first1=Lilian|last2=Veale|first2=Michael|year=2017|title=Slave to the algorithm? Why a "right to an explanation" is probably not the remedy you are looking for|url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=2972855|journal=Duke Law and Technology Review|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2972855|ssrn=2972855}}</ref>
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Switzerland will also adopt a new data protection law that largely follows EU's GDPR.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portal |first=S. M. E. |title=New Federal Act on Data Protection (nFADP) |url=https://www.kmu.admin.ch/kmu/en/home/fakten-und-trends/digitalisierung/datenschutz/neues-datenschutzgesetz-revdsg.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=www.kmu.admin.ch |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325204902/https://www.kmu.admin.ch/kmu/en/home/fakten-und-trends/digitalisierung/datenschutz/neues-datenschutzgesetz-revdsg.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
With the addition of overseas regions of the European Union joining non-governmental organsational (NGO) bodies in the Caribbean region such as the [[Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States]], the GDPR rules have become necessary to consider in the lack of any current legislation found in the region concerning privacy rights and maintaining compliance of the laws of those outer regions.<ref>{{cite web |
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