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===Open source as a term===
Open source as a term emerged in the late 1990s by a group of people in the [[free software movement]] who were critical of the political agenda and moral philosophy implied in the term "free software" and sought to reframe the discourse to reflect a more commercially minded position.<ref>{{Cite journal| publisher = Stanford University| last = O'Mahony| first = Siobhan Clare| title = The emergence of a new commercial actor: Community managed software projects| ___location = Stanford, CA| date = 2002|pages=34–42}}</ref> In addition, the ambiguity of the term "free software" was seen as discouraging business adoption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html |title=Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source" |quote=The problem with it is twofold. First, ... the term "free" is very ambiguous ... Second, the term makes a lot of corporate types nervous.|first=Eric S.|last=Raymond|author-link=Eric S. Raymond }}</ref><ref name="infoworld1983">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yy8EAAAAMBAJ&q=us%20government%20public%20domain%20software&pg=PA31 |website=[[InfoWorld]] |date=23 June 1983|title=Free software – Free software is a junkyard of software spare parts |quote=''"In contrast to commercial software is a large and growing body of free software that exists in the public ___domain. Public-___domain software is written by microcomputer hobbyists (also known as "hackers") many of whom are professional programmers in their work life. [...] Since everybody has access to source code, many routines have not only been used but dramatically improved by other programmers."'' |first=Tom |last=Shea |access-date= 10 February 2016}}</ref> However, the ambiguity of the word "free" exists primarily in English as it can refer to cost. The group included [[Christine Peterson]], Todd Anderson, [[Larry Augustin]], [[Jon Hall (programmer)|Jon Hall]], [[Sam Ockman]], [[Michael Tiemann]] and [[Eric S. Raymond]]. Peterson suggested "open source" at a meeting<ref name=osihistory>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensource.org/history |title=History of the OSI |date=19 September 2006 |first=Michael |last=Tiemann |author-link=Michael Tiemann |publisher=[[Open Source Initiative]] |access-date=23 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021001164015/http://www.opensource.org/docs/history.php |archive-date=1 October 2002 }}</ref> held at [[Palo Alto, California]], in reaction to [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]]'s announcement in January 1998 of a source code release for [[Netscape Navigator|Navigator]].{{cite web |last1=Lunduke |first1=Bryan |author1-link=Bryan Lunduke |title=WATCH: Eric Raymond & Lunduke Argue About the Origin of "Open Source" |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MuKSD_himSE |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[The Lunduke Journal]] |language=en |format=video |date=Feb 18, 2025}} [[Linus Torvalds]] gave his support the following day, and Phil Hughes backed the term in ''[[Linux Journal]]''. [[Richard Stallman]], the founder of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in 1985, quickly decided against endorsing the term.<ref name=osihistory/><ref name="rmsdissent">{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html |title=Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software |publisher=Free Software Foundation |date=18 May 2012 |first = Richard |last = Stallman}}</ref> The FSF's goal was to promote the development and use of free software, which they defined as software that grants users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the code. This concept is similar to open source but places a greater emphasis on the ethical and political aspects of software freedom. Netscape released its source code under the [[Netscape Public License]] and later under the [[Mozilla Public License]].<ref name="Muffatto000">{{cite book | title = Open Source: A Multidisciplinary Approach | first = Moreno | last = Muffatto | publisher = Imperial College Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-86094-665-3 }}</ref>▼
▲Open source as a term emerged in the late 1990s by a group of people in the [[free software movement]] who were critical of the political agenda and moral philosophy implied in the term "free software" and sought to reframe the discourse to reflect a more commercially minded position.<ref>{{Cite journal| publisher = Stanford University| last = O'Mahony| first = Siobhan Clare| title = The emergence of a new commercial actor: Community managed software projects| ___location = Stanford, CA| date = 2002|pages=34–42}}</ref> In addition, the ambiguity of the term "free software" was seen as discouraging business adoption.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html |title=Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source" |quote=The problem with it is twofold. First, ... the term "free" is very ambiguous ... Second, the term makes a lot of corporate types nervous.|first=Eric S.|last=Raymond|author-link=Eric S. Raymond }}</ref><ref name="infoworld1983">{{cite web|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yy8EAAAAMBAJ&q=us%20government%20public%20domain%20software&pg=PA31 |website=[[InfoWorld]] |date=23 June 1983|title=Free software – Free software is a junkyard of software spare parts |quote=''"In contrast to commercial software is a large and growing body of free software that exists in the public ___domain. Public-___domain software is written by microcomputer hobbyists (also known as "hackers") many of whom are professional programmers in their work life. [...] Since everybody has access to source code, many routines have not only been used but dramatically improved by other programmers."'' |first=Tom |last=Shea |access-date= 10 February 2016}}</ref> However, the ambiguity of the word "free" exists primarily in English as it can refer to cost. The group included [[Christine Peterson]], Todd Anderson, [[Larry Augustin]], [[Jon Hall (programmer)|Jon Hall]], [[Sam Ockman]], [[Michael Tiemann]] and [[Eric S. Raymond]]. Peterson suggested "open source" at a meeting<ref name=osihistory>{{cite web|url=http://www.opensource.org/history |title=History of the OSI |date=19 September 2006 |first=Michael |last=Tiemann |author-link=Michael Tiemann |publisher=[[Open Source Initiative]] |access-date=23 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021001164015/http://www.opensource.org/docs/history.php |archive-date=1 October 2002 }}</ref> held at [[Palo Alto, California]], in reaction to [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]]'s announcement in January 1998 of a source code release for [[Netscape Navigator|Navigator]]. [[Linus Torvalds]] gave his support the following day, and Phil Hughes backed the term in ''[[Linux Journal]]''. [[Richard Stallman]], the founder of the Free Software Foundation (FSF) in 1985, quickly decided against endorsing the term.<ref name=osihistory/><ref name="rmsdissent">{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html |title=Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software |publisher=Free Software Foundation |date=18 May 2012 |first = Richard |last = Stallman}}</ref> The FSF's goal was to promote the development and use of free software, which they defined as software that grants users the freedom to run, study, share, and modify the code. This concept is similar to open source but places a greater emphasis on the ethical and political aspects of software freedom. Netscape released its source code under the [[Netscape Public License]] and later under the [[Mozilla Public License]].<ref name="Muffatto000">{{cite book | title = Open Source: A Multidisciplinary Approach | first = Moreno | last = Muffatto | publisher = Imperial College Press | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-1-86094-665-3 }}</ref>
Raymond was especially active in the effort to popularize the new term. He made the first public call to the free software community to adopt it in February 1998.<ref name="raymondCall">{{cite web|url=http://www.catb.org/~esr/open-source.html |title=Goodbye, "free software"; hello, "open source" |publisher=Catb.org |access-date=2012-10-25}}</ref> Shortly after, he founded The [[Open Source Initiative]] in collaboration with [[Bruce Perens]].<ref name=osihistory/>
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