HTML: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 08:09, 28 January 2025

Revision as of 18:49, 20 February 2025

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In 1980, [[physicist]] [[Tim Berners-Lee]], a contractor at [[CERN]], proposed and prototyped [[ENQUIRE]], a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an [[Internet]]-based [[hypertext]] system.<ref>Tim Berners-Lee, "[https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html Information Management: A Proposal]". CERN (March 1989, May 1990). W3C.</ref> Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN [[data system]]s engineer [[Robert Cailliau]] collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes of 1990, Berners-Lee listed "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used"; an [[encyclopedia]] is the first entry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/Uses.html |title=Intended Uses |first1=Tim |last1=Berners-Lee |website=W3C}}</ref>

The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags",<ref>{{cite web |title=Tags used in HTML |url=http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/Tags.html |website=info.cern.ch |access-date=2 March 2023 |date=October 1991}}</ref> first mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991.<ref name="tagshtml" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Re: status. Re: X11 BROWSER for WWW |url=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991SepOct/0003.html|last=Berners-Lee|first=Tim|date=October 29, 1991|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524045009/http://lists.w3.org:80/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991SepOct/0003.html|archive-date=May 24, 2007|access-date=April 8, 2007}}</ref> It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were strongly influenced by [[SGMLguidCERN SGML]], an in-house [[Standard Generalized Markup Language]] (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.<ref>{{cite web|title=Index of the HTML 4 elements |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/index/elements|date=December 24, 1999|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505172415/https://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/index/elements|archive-date=May 5, 2007|access-date=April 8, 2007}}</ref>

HTML is a [[markup language]] that [[web browser]]s use to interpret and [[Typesetting|compose]] text, images, and other material into visible or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of [[CSS]]. Many of the text elements are mentioned in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 ''Techniques for using SGML'', which describes the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the [[TYPSET and RUNOFF|RUNOFF command]] developed in the early 1960s for the [[Compatible Time-Sharing System|CTSS]] (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system. These formatting commands were derived from the commands used by typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with separate structure and markup. HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS.