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{{Short description|Problem in astronomy}}
In [[astronomy]], the '''lithium problem''' or '''lithium discrepancy''' refers to the discrepancy between the primordial [[Abundance of the chemical elements|abundance]] of [[lithium]] as inferred from observations of metal-poor ([[Stellar population|Population II]]) [[Stellar halo|halo stars]] in our galaxy and the amount that should theoretically exist due to [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis]]+[[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe|WMAP]] cosmic baryon density predictions of the [[cosmic microwave background]] (CMB). Namely, the most widely accepted models of the Big Bang suggest that three times as much primordial lithium, in particular [[lithium-7]], should exist.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445 |title=The Primordial Lithium Problem |date=2011 |last1=Fields |first1=Brian D. |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |volume=61 |pages=47–68 |arxiv=1203.3551 |bibcode=2011ARNPS..61...47F }}</ref> This contrasts with the observed abundance of isotopes of [[hydrogen]] (<sup>1</sup>H and [[deuterium|<sup>2</sup>H]]) and [[helium]] ([[helium-3|<sup>3</sup>He]] and [[helium-4|<sup>4</sup>He]]) that are consistent with predictions.<ref name=HouStats>{{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=S. Q. |last2=He |first2=J.J. |last3=Parikh |first3=A. |last4=Kahl |first4=D. |last5=Bertulani |first5=C.A. |last6=Kajino |first6=T. |last7=Mathews |first7=G.J. |last8=Zhao |first8=G. |date=2017 |title=Non-extensive statistics to the cosmological lithium problem |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=834 |issue=2 |pages= 165|doi=10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/165 |bibcode=2017ApJ...834..165H |arxiv=1701.04149 |s2cid=568182 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The discrepancy is highlighted in a so-called "Schramm plot", named in honor of astrophysicist [[David Schramm (astrophysicist)|David Schramm]], which depicts these primordial abundances as a function of cosmic baryon content from standard [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis|BBN]] predictions.
[[File:Schramm plot BBN review 2019.png|thumb|400px|This "Schramm plot"<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Tanabashi | first1=M. | last2=Hagiwara | first2=K. | last3=Hikasa | first3=K. | last4=Nakamura | first4=K. | last5=Sumino | first5=Y. | last6=Takahashi | first6=F. | last7=Tanaka | first7=J. | last8=Agashe | first8=K. | last9=Aielli | first9=G. | last10=Amsler | first10=C. | display-authors=5|collaboration=Particle Data Group| title=Review of Particle Physics | journal=Physical Review D | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=98 | issue=3 | date=2018-08-17 | issn=2470-0010 | doi=10.1103/physrevd.98.030001 | page=030001| bibcode=2018PhRvD..98c0001T |doi-access=free| hdl=10044/1/68623 | hdl-access=free }} and 2019 update.</ref> depicts primordial abundances of <sup>4</sup>He, D, <sup>3</sup>He, and <sup>7</sup>Li as a function of cosmic baryon content from standard BBN predictions. CMB predictions of <sup>7</sup>Li (narrow vertical bands, at 95% [[confidence level|CL]]) and the BBN D + <sup>4</sup>He concordance range (wider vertical bands, at 95% CL) should overlap with the observed light element abundances (yellow boxes) to be in agreement. This occurs in <sup>4</sup>He and is well constrained in D, but is not the case for <sup>7</sup>Li, where the observed Li observations lie a factor of 3−4 below the BBN+WMAP prediction.]]
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==Origin of lithium==
Minutes after the Big Bang, the universe was made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of lithium and beryllium, and negligibly small abundances of all heavier elements.<ref name="habitable"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://physics.unc.edu/the-cosmological-lithium-problem/|title=Cosmological lithium problem|website=University of North Carolina|date=14 September 2020 }}</ref>
===Lithium synthesis in the Big Bang===
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==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Fields |first1=Brian D. |title=The Primordial Lithium Problem |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |volume=61 |year=2011 |pages=47–68 |doi=10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445 |arxiv=1203.3551|bibcode=2011ARNPS..61...47F }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.83.063006 |title=Resonant destruction as a possible solution to the cosmological lithium problem |date=2011 |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Nachiketa |last2=Fields |first2=Brian D. |last3=Olive |first3=Keith A. |journal=Physical Review D |volume=83 |issue=6 |page=063006 |arxiv=1011.0722 |bibcode=2011PhRvD..83f3006C }}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1142/S0218301312500048 |title=Resonant Enhancement of Nuclear Reactions as a Possible Solution to the Cosmological Lithium Problem |date=2012 |last1=Cyburt |first1=Richard H. |last2=Pospelov |first2=Maxim |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics E |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1250004-1-1250004-13 |arxiv=0906.4373 |bibcode=2012IJMPE..2150004C }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=S. Q. |last2=Yan |first2=H. L. |last3=Li |first3=X. Y. |last4=Zhou |first4=X. H. |last5=Sun |first5=B. |title=Non-Extensive Statistics to the Cosmological Lithium Problem |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=834 |issue=2 |year=2017 |pages=165 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/165 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1701.03700|bibcode=2017ApJ...834..165H }}
==References==
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