Mixed-use development: Difference between revisions

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|title=Quality Growth Toolkit: Mixed-use Development|publisher=Atlanta Regional Commission|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128011547/http://www.atlantaregional.com/File%20Library/Local%20Gov%20Services/gs_cct_mixedusetool_1109.pdf|archive-date=2011-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Rewati|last2=Roy|first2=Uttam Kumar|date=2019-11-01|title=Taxonomy of urban mixed land use planning|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=88|pages=104102|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104102|bibcode=2019LUPol..8804102R |s2cid=201338748|issn=0264-8377}}</ref> Mixed-use development may be applied to a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in zoning policy across an entire city or other administrative unit. These projects may be completed by a private developer, (quasi-)governmental agency, or a combination thereof. A mixed-use development may be a new construction, reuse of an existing building or [[brownfield site]], or a combination.<ref>O’Connell, Evan. Submission to the Cork City Development Plan 2021-2028: Re: Mixed Planning System. https://consult.corkcity.ie/ga/system/files/materials/1399/2492/Submission%20to%20the%20Cork%20City%20Development%20Plan%202021-2028_%20Re_%20Mixed%20Planning%20System.pdf</ref>

==Use in North America vs. Europe==Nor

Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. However, with [[Industrialisation|industrialization]], governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing, from residential areas. Public health concerns and the protection of property values stood as the motivation behind this separation.<ref name=":3" />

In the United States, the [[Single-family zoning|practice of zoning for single-family residential use]] was instigated to safeguard communities from negative [[Externality|externalities]], including air, noise, and light pollution, associated with heavier industrial practices.<ref name=":3" /> These zones were also constructed because of racial and class tensions.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Hirt|first=Sonia|date=November 2012|title=Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0885412212451029|journal=Journal of Planning Literature|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=375–393|doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|s2cid=154219333|issn=0885-4122}}</ref>

The heyday of separate-use [[zoning in the United States]] came after World War II when planner and [[New York City Parks Commissioner]], [[Robert Moses]], championed superhighways to break up functions and neighborhoods of the city. The antithesis to these practices came from activist and writer, [[Jane Jacobs]], who was a major proponent of mixed-use zoning, believing it played a key role in creating an organic, diverse, and vibrant streetscape.<ref name=":5" /> These two figures went head-to-head during much of the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Jacobs|url=https://www.pps.org/article/jjacobs-2|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.pps.org}}</ref> Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as it works to combat [[urban sprawl]] and increase economic vitality.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007|title=Chicago Zoning Ordinance|url=https://www.metroplanning.org/uploads/cms/documents/chicago-zoning-ordinance.pdf|website=Metropolitan Planning Council}}</ref>

In most of Europe, government policy has encouraged the continuation of the city center's role as a main ___location for business, retail, restaurant, and entertainment activity, unlike in the United States where zoning actively discouraged such mixed use for many decades. In England, for example, hotels are included under the same umbrella as "residential," rather than commercial as they are classified under in the US.<ref name=":8" /> France similarly gravitates towards mixed-use as much of Paris is simply zoned to be "General Urban," allowing for a variety of uses. Even zones that house the mansions and villas of the aristocrats focus on historical and architectural preservation rather than single family zoning.<ref name=":8" /> Single family zoning is also absent in Germany and Russia where zoning codes make no distinction between different types of housing.<ref name=":8" />