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[[File:Notable mutations.svg|upright=1.75|thumb|Examples of notable [[mutation]]s that can occur in humans<ref>References for the image are found in Wikimedia Commons page at: [[Commons:File:Notable mutations.svg#References]].</ref>]]<!-- EXPANSION OF THE IMAGE WITH MORE EXAMPLES IS EXPECTED (see its discussion page)-->
During the process of [[DNA replication]], errors occasionally occur in the [[polymerization]] of the second strand. These errors, [[mutation]]s, can affect an organism's [[phenotype]], especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene. Error rates are typically 1 error in every 10–100 million bases—due to the "[[Proofreading (biology)|proofreading]]" ability of [[DNA polymerase]]s.<ref name=griffiths2000sect2706>{{cite book |editor1-first=Anthony J. F. |display-editors=4 |editor1-last=Griffiths |editor2-first=Jeffrey H. |editor2-last=Miller |editor3-first=David T. |editor3-last=Suzuki |editor4-first=Richard C. |editor4-last=Lewontin |editor5-last=Gelbart | name-list-style = vanc |title=An Introduction to Genetic Analysis |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-7167-3520-5 |edition=7th |publisher=W. H. Freeman |___location=New York |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=iga.section.2706 |chapter=Spontaneous mutations }}</ref><ref name=Kunkel>{{cite journal | vauthors = Freisinger E, Grollman AP, Miller H, Kisker C | title = Lesion (in)tolerance reveals insights into DNA replication fidelity | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 23 | issue = 7 | pages = 1494–505 | date = Apr 2004 | pmid = 15057282 | pmc = 391067 | doi = 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600158 }}</ref>
[[Missense mutation]]s and [[nonsense mutation]]s are examples of [[point mutation]]s that can cause genetic diseases such as [[sickle-cell disease]] and [[thalassemia]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal
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