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{{other uses|Two-state solution (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Two-nation theory}}
{{pp-
[[File:Israel and Palestine Peace.svg|thumb|A [[peace movement]] poster: Israeli and Palestinian flags and the words peace in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. Similar images have been used by several groups supporting a two-state solution to the conflict.]]
[[File:Occupied Palestinian Territories.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Map of the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], 2011. Agreeing on acceptable borders is a major difficulty with the two-state solution.]]
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{{Israel-Palestinian peace process|Proposals}}
The '''two-state solution''' is a proposed approach to resolving the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], by creating two states on the territory of the former [[Mandatory Palestine]]. It is often contrasted with the [[one-state solution]], which is the establishment a single state in former Mandatory Palestine with equal rights for all its inhabitants. The two-state solution is supported by many countries and the [[Palestinian Authority]].<ref name="cbc.ca">{{Cite news |title=Palestinian Authority ready to work with an Israeli government that backs two-state solution: PM Shtayyeh |website=CBC News|date=1 February 2024| accessdate=3 September 2024|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/palestinian-authority-two-state-solution-israeli-government-1.7102024}}</ref> Israel currently does not support the idea, though it has in the past.<ref name="Magid">{{Cite web |last=Magid |first=Jacob |title=Knesset overwhelmingly passes motion rejecting Palestinian statehood, days before PM's US trip |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/knesset-overwhelmingly-passes-motion-rejecting-palestinian-statehood-days-before-pms-us-trip/ |date=2024-07-18 |access-date=2024-08-18}}</ref>
The first proposal for separate Jewish and Arab states in the territory was made by the British [[Peel Commission]] report in 1937.<ref name=":11">{{Citation |last=Morris |first=Benny |title=The History of One-State and Two-State Solutions |date=2009-04-28 |work=One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict |pages=28–160 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1np7rh.7 |access-date=2024-06-28 |publisher=Yale University Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1np7rh.7 |isbn=978-0-300-15604-1}}</ref> In 1947, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted a [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|partition plan for Palestine]], leading to the [[1948 Palestine war]].<ref>{{Citation |title=The 1947 Partition Plan |date=2022 |work=International Law and the Arab-Israeli Conflict |pages=93–101 |editor-last=Sabel |editor-first=Robbie |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/international-law-and-the-arabisraeli-conflict/1947-partition-plan/BF9BEE2E6380D9CEAD0C710C6AC51C63 |access-date=2023-10-31 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108762670.006 |isbn=978-1-108-48684-2}}</ref><ref name="UN2">[https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/DPIQoPPub_280220.pdf ''The Question of Palestine and the UN'', "The Jewish Agency accepted the resolution despite its dissatisfaction over such matters as Jewish emigration from Europe and the territorial limits set on the proposed Jewish State."]</ref> As a result, [[Israel]] was established on the area the UN had proposed for the Jewish state, as well as almost 60% of the area proposed for the Arab state. Israel took control of [[West Jerusalem]], which was meant to be part of an international zone. Jordan took control of [[East Jerusalem]] and what became known as the [[West Bank]], [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|annexing it the following year]]. The territory which became the [[Gaza Strip]] was [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|occupied by Egypt]] but never annexed. Since the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], both the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip have been militarily occupied by Israel, becoming known as the [[Palestinian territories]].
The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] has accepted the concept of a two-state solution since the 1982 Arab Summit.{{Clarify|reason=This is very vague. Who is “leadership”? When did they accept (“since 1982”, but when is that exactly?)? Which “concept” did they accept (considering that any concrete plan is still non-existent)? What means the addition “in principle”: did they accept, or not? The suggestion that PLO accepted any tss(-principle) is improbable, considering that our article on the PLO does not mention their acceptance of any (real) two-state solution-idea (or ‘principle’). We don’t want Wikipedia to tell its readers unsourced fantasy or sweet fairy tales. So: can we have a real citation from that book (1994) of author Mark Tessler?|date=July 2024}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Mark A. |last=Tessler|title=A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict|publisher=[[Indiana State University]]|___location=Bloomington|date=1994|isbn=978-0253208736|page=718}}</ref> In 2017, [[Hamas]] announced their [[2017 Hamas charter|revised charter]], which claims to accept the idea of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, but without recognising the statehood of Israel.<ref name="hamas">{{cite news |date=2 May 2017 |title=Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/5/2/hamas-accepts-palestinian-state-with-1967-borders |accessdate=3 November 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|Diplomatic efforts]] have centred around realizing a two-state solution, starting from the failed [[2000 Camp David Summit]] and [[the Clinton Parameters]], followed by the [[Taba Summit]] in 2001. The failure of the Camp David summit to reach an agreed two-state solution formed the backdrop to the commencement of the [[Second Intifada]], the violent consequences of which marked a turning point among both peoples’ attitudes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palti |first=Zohar |date=2023-09-08 |title=The Implications of the Second Intifada on Israeli Views of Oslo |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/implications-second-intifada-israeli-views-oslo |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy|The Washington Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Background & Overview of 2000 Camp David Summit |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/background-and-overview-of-2000-camp-david-summit |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Intifada |url=https://www.makan.org.uk/glossary/second_intifada/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Makan |quote=The Second Intifada starkly demonstrated the failure of years of negotiations, and marked a turning point in both internal Israeli and Palestinian politics.}}</ref> A two-state solution also formed the basis of the [[Arab Peace Initiative]], the [[Realignment plan|2006–2008 peace offer]], and the [[2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks|2013–14 peace talks]].
Currently there is no two-state solution proposal being negotiated between Israel and Palestinians. The [[Palestinian Authority]] supports the idea of a two-state solution;<ref
The major points of contention include the specific boundaries of the two states (though most proposals are based on the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 lines]]), the [[status of Jerusalem]], the [[Israeli settlements]] and the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return of Palestinian refugees]]. Observers have described the current situation in the whole territory, with the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank]] and [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], as one of ''[[de facto]]'' Israeli sovereignty.<ref name="Iraqi">{{Cite web |last=Iraqi |first=Amjad |date=2021-01-12 |title=Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea |url=https://www.972mag.com/btselem-israel-apartheid-supremacy/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=+972 Magazine}}</ref><ref name="palestine-studies.org">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2021 |title=B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1650915 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]}}</ref> The two-state solution is an alternative to the one-state solution and what observers consider a ''de facto'' one-state reality.<ref
Following the [[7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel]] and the subsequent [[Israel–Hamas war]], multiple governments restarted discussions on a two-state solution. This received pushback from Israel's government, especially from prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. On 26 September 2024, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince [[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]] and Norway's Foreign Minister [[Espen Barth Eide]] co-chaired a meeting of representatives of about 90 countries, held on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly, to launch a global alliance to strive for a two-state solution.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud |date=2024-10-02 |title=Saudi foreign minister: A two-state solution is more urgent than ever |url=https://www.ft.com/content/06a1f31d-7cf9-4559-a7d4-8f0f19f2aced |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref>
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Partition was again proposed by the [[1947 UN Partition Plan]] for the division of Palestine. It proposed a three-way division, again with Jerusalem held separately, under international control. The partition plan was accepted by [[Jewish Agency for Palestine]] and most Zionist factions who viewed it as a stepping stone to territorial expansion at an opportune time.<ref name="Morris2008p75">{{cite book|first=Benny|last=Morris|title=1948: a history of the first Arab-Israeli war|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 July 2013|year=2008|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|___location=New Haven, Connecticut|page=75|isbn=978-0-300-12696-9|quote=The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv’s settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/DPIQoPPub_280220.pdf|title=The Question of Palestine and the UN|publisher=[[United Nations]]|___location=Washington, DC|date=2008}}</ref> The [[Arab Higher Committee]], the [[Arab League]] and other Arab leaders and governments rejected it on the basis that Arabs formed a two-thirds majority and owned a majority of the lands.<ref name="Morris2008p66">Benny Morris, ''1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War'', 2008, pp. 66, 67, 72</ref><ref name="ER">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LILdBDrm-ksC&q=eugene+rogan+history+of+arabs|title=The Arabs: A History|edition=3rd|first=Eugene|last=Rogan|page=321|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|___location=New York City|date=2012|isbn=978-0-7181-9683-7}}</ref> They also indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division,<ref name="morris2008p73">Morris, ''1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War'', p. 2008, p. 73</ref> arguing that it violated the principles of [[Self-determination|national self-determination]] in the [[United Nations Charter|UN Charter]].<ref name="UN">[https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/DPIQoPPub_280220.pdf ''The Question of Palestine and the UN'']</ref><ref name="ghf_OBksgykC">{{cite book|first=Sami |last=Hadawi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghf_OBksgykC&pg=PA76|title=Bitter Harvest: A Modern History of Palestine|publisher=Olive Branch Press|___location=Northampton, Massachusetts|date=1991|isbn=9780940793767|page=76}}</ref> They announced their intention to take all necessary measures to prevent the implementation of the resolution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Perkins |first1=Kenneth J. |last2=Gilbert |first2=Martin |date=1999 |title=Israel: A History |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120539 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=149 |doi=10.2307/120539 |jstor=120539 |issn=0899-3718}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Best |first=Antony |title=International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond |date=2004 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315739717-1 |pages=531 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |___location=Milton Park, Abingdon-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England|doi=10.4324/9781315739717-1 |isbn=978-1-315-73971-7 |access-date=June 29, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=James |last=Rothrock|title=Live by the Sword: Israel's Struggle for Existence in the Holy Land|publisher=WestBow Press|___location=Bloomington, Indiana|date=2011|isbn=9781449725198|page=14}}</ref><ref>Lenczowski, G. (1962). ''The Middle East in World Affairs'' (3rd Ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 723</ref> Subsequently, the [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|Intercommunal conflict]] in Palestine gave way to [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]]<ref name="Britannica2002">Article "History of Palestine", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2002 edition), article section written by [[Walid Khalidi|Walid Ahmed Khalidi]] and Ian J. Bickerton.</ref> and the plan was not implemented.<ref>{{cite book|first=Itzhak|last=Galnoor|title=The Partition of Palestine: Decision Crossroads in the Zionist Movement|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|___location=Albany, New York|date=1994|isbn=9781438403724|page=195}}</ref>
[[File:United_Nations_Palestine_map_showing_Armistice_Agreements_between_Israel_&_Lebanon,_Syria,_Jordan_&_Egypt_1949-1950.jpg|thumb|1955 United Nations map showing the borders of Israel according to the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] of the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]].]]
At the end of the British Mandate, with the [[establishment of the State of Israel]] and entry of Arab regular armies into what had been Mandatory Palestine, the [[1948 Palestine war|1948 war]] became an [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|international conflict]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Benny |title=1948: a history of the First Arab-Israeli war |date=2009 |publisher=Yale Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-300-15112-1 |___location=New Haven, Conn.}}</ref> At the end of the war, the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] established by the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] became the de facto borders of the State of Israel.<ref name=":12" /> The war resulted in the [[1948 Palestinian exodus|fleeing or expulsion of 711,000 Palestinians]], which the Palestinians call ''[[Nakba]]'', from the territories which became the state of Israel.<ref name="un">{{cite web|author=United Nations General Assembly |date=23 August 1951 |url=https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/b792301807650d6685256cef0073cb80/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883?OpenDocument |title=General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine |format=OpenDocument |access-date=3 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822123836/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/b792301807650d6685256cef0073cb80/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883?OpenDocument |archive-date=22 August 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>
=== UN resolution 242 and the recognition of Palestinian rights ===
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===6th Netanyahu cabinet===
In December 2022, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] returned as Prime Minister of Israel, forming the most right-wing government in Israel's history. Netanyahu's coalition partners rejected the two-state solution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's most right-wing government agreed under Benjamin Netanyahu |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63942616 |date=21 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel's Netanyahu says deal agreed with far-right to form gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/12/22/israels-netanyahu-says-deal-agreed-with-far-right-to-form-govt |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> In February 2023, Netanyahu said he would be willing to grant Palestinians autonomy but not sovereignty, and in any future deal Israel would maintain full security control of the West Bank.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gold |first1=Hadas |title=Netanyahu outlines vision for two-state solution – without Palestinian sovereignty |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/01/middleeast/netanyahu-palestinian-sovereignty-mime-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=1 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> In June 2023, Netanyahu told members of the Knesset that Israel must block the creation of a Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu's call to block creation of Palestinian state sparks fury, condemnation |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2328446/middle-east |work=Arab News |date=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Palestinians furious over Netanyahu claims that Israel must 'crush' statehood ambitions |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-748435 |work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |date=1 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
Later in 2023, despite Israeli PM Netanyahu's statement denying the creation of a Palestinian state as a condition for a normalization with Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaye |first1=Dalia Dassa |title=The Case Against an Israeli-Saudi Deal |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/case-against-israeli-saudi-deal |work=Foreign Affairs |date=17 August 2023 |quote=In an early August interview with Bloomberg, Netanyahu...called the Palestinian issue no more than a “checkbox” and reiterated his opposition to a Palestinian state.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Israel-Saudi peace can end all hope for Palestinian statehood – opinion |url=https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-754207 |work=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |date=10 August 2023 |language=en |quote=To which [Palestinian state] Bibi emphatically says, 'No, never.' Many in Israel and elsewhere are confident that the Saudis aren’t really serious about Palestinian statehood and are unwilling to sacrifice their own interests for it.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu: Normalisation with Saudi not linked to creation of Palestinian state |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230808-netanyahu-normalisation-with-saudi-not-linked-to-creation-of-palestinian-state/ |publisher=[[Middle East Monitor]] |date=August 8, 2023}}</ref> Saudi Arabian crown prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] said normalization with Israel was "for the first time real".<ref name="nyt7oct">{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick |last2=Kershner |first2=Isabel |date=7 October 2023 |title=Israel-Gaza Conflict: Gaza and Israel on War Footing After Militants Launch Surprise Assaults |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007075901/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/10/07/world/israel-gaza-attack |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> This was an apparent reversal of Saudi policy, articulated in the [[2002 Arab Peace Initiative]], when Saudi Arabia had offered Israel normalization with the whole Arab world if Israel allows the creation of a Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ackerman |first1=Spencer |author1-link=Spencer Ackerman |title=A Mideast Deal Signed in Blood |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-us-saudi-arabia-deal-palestine-gaza/ |publisher=[[The Nation]] |date=10 October 2023 |quote=It is not lost on anyone, least of all the Palestinians, that in 2002, then–Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz conditioned recognition for Israel on Palestinian statehood. Now–Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has removed that condition.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lawati |first1=Abbas Al |title=Mideast and US leaders tried to sweep the Palestinian issue under the rug. That may not work anymore |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/11/middleeast/israel-palestine-us-saudi-normalization-mime-intl/index.html |work=CNN |publisher=[[CNN News]] |date=11 October 2023 |language=en |quote=[MBS] effectively abandoning a two-decade-old Saudi pledge to only make peace with Israel after it fully withdraws from land it occupies.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Haq |first1=Sana Noor |title=Netanyahu says Israel nears normalization deal with Saudi Arabia but refuses to outline concessions to Palestinians |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/22/middleeast/israel-benjamin-netanyahu-cnn-interview-intl/index.html |work=CNN |date=22 September 2023 |language=en |quote=[bin Salman] stopped short of calling for the establishment of an independent Palestinian state, which has been Riyadh’s official stance for two decades.}}</ref><ref name=toi_saudi>{{cite news |last1=Magid |first1=Jacob |title=Saudis putting aside Arab Peace Initiative amid Israel normalization talks – officials |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/saudis-putting-aside-arab-peace-initiative-amid-israel-normalization-talks-officials/ |date=26 September 2023}}</ref> Israeli<ref name=toi_saudi/> and other officials involved in the negotiations confirmed that the Saudis were considering normalization with Israel without the creation of a Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |title=Exclusive: US-Saudi defence pact tied to Israel deal, Palestinian demands put aside |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-saudi-defence-pact-tied-israel-deal-palestinian-demands-put-aside-2023-09-29/ |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=September 29, 2023}}</ref> Many Palestinians worried that Israeli-Saudi normalization would cost them their last significant leverage for Palestinian statehood.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shehada |first1=Muhammad |title=For the Palestinians, Israeli-Saudi normalization would be disastrous |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-08-14/ty-article-opinion/.premium/for-the-palestinians-israeli-saudi-normalization-would-be-disastrous/00000189-f364-d975-a9cf-fb77780c0000 |work=Haaretz |date=14 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
In October 2023, [[Hamas]] launched an attack on Israel. Numerous sources identified the lack of a Palestinian state as a cause of the war.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Matar |first1=Haggai |date=7 October 2023 |title=Gaza's shock attack has terrified Israelis. It should also unveil the context |url=https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181619/https://www.972mag.com/gaza-attack-context-israelis/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=[[+972 Magazine]] |publisher=+972 Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Sforza|first1=Lauren|date=9 October 2023|title=Tlaib, Bush criticized by Democrats over statements calling for end to Israel support|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4245770-tlaib-bush-criticized-by-democrats-over-statements-calling-for-end-to-israel-support/|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||title=John Mearsheimer: Israel is choosing 'apartheid' or 'ethnic cleansing'|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-bottom-line/2023/12/16/john-mearsheimer-israel-is-choosing-apartheid-or-ethnic-cleansing|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Schenker |first1=Hillel |date=12 October 2023 |title=The Catastrophe of October 7. Why Did It Happen? |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-gaza-hamas-war-netanyahu/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231181618/https://www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-gaza-hamas-war-netanyahu/ |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |magazine=[[The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Barghouti|first1=Mariam|title=On October 7, Gaza broke out of prison|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/10/14/on-october-7-gaza-broke-out-of-prison|access-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Associated Press]] wrote that Palestinians are "in despair over a never-ending occupation in the West Bank and suffocating blockade of Gaza".<ref>{{#invoke:cite news||last1=Federman|first1=Josef|last2=Adwan|first2=Issam|date=7 October 2023|title=Hamas surprise attack out of Gaza stuns Israel and leaves hundreds dead in fighting, retaliation|work=[[AP News]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2|url-status=live|access-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007073124/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2|archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref> After [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|Netanyahu invaded Gaza]], he once again reiterated his opposition to the existence of a Palestinian state.<ref>{{cite news |title=Netanyahu says he told U.S. that he opposes Palestinian state in any postwar scenario |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/19/1225574007/netanyahu-says-he-told-u-s-that-he-opposes-palestinian-state-in-any-postwar-scen}}</ref>
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== Viability ==
By 2010, when direct talks were scheduled to be restarted, continued growth of settlements on the West Bank and continued strong support of settlements by the Israeli government had greatly reduced the land and resources that would be available to a Palestinian state creating doubt among Palestinians and left-wing Israelis that a two-state solution continued to be viable.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/21/world/middleeast/21assess.html|title=In Mideast Talks, Scant Hopes From the Beginning|first=Ethan|last=Bronner|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 20, 2010|accessdate=August 21, 2010}}</ref>
In January 2012 the European Union Heads of Mission report on East Jerusalem found that Israel's continuing settlement activities and the fragile situation of the Palestinian population in East Jerusalem, as well in area C, was making a two-state solution less likely.<ref>{{cite web|first=Amira|last=Hass|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/eu-report-israel-policy-in-west-bank-endangers-two-state-solution-1.406945?localLinksEnabled=false|title=EU report: Israel policy in West Bank endangers two-state solution|website=[[Haaretz]]|date=12 January 2012}}</ref> The Israeli Foreign Ministry rejected this EU report, claiming it was "based on a partial, biased and one sided depiction of realities on the ground."<ref>{{cite web|first=Barak|last=Ravid|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/eu-israel-s-policies-in-the-west-bank-endanger-two-state-solution-1.430421?localLinksEnabled=false|title=EU: Israel's policies in the West Bank endanger two-state solution|website=[[Haaretz]]|date=14 May 2012}}</ref> In May 2012, the EU council stressed its "deep concern about developments on the ground which threaten to make a two-state solution impossible'.<ref>{{cite web|title=Council conclusions on the Middle East Peace Process – 3166th Foreign Affairs Council meeting|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/d-il/dv/cclmepp14052012/cclmepp14052012en.pdf|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]|access-date=29 November 2016|date=May 14, 2012}}</ref>
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Support for a two-state solution varies according to the way the question is phrased. Some Israeli journalists suggest that the Palestinians are unprepared to accept a Jewish State on any terms.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite web|last1=Goldberg|first1=Jeffrey|title=Book Review {{!}} 'One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict,' by Benny Morris|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/24/books/review/Goldberg-t.html?_r=1&ref=books|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=29 November 2016|date=20 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Stephens|first1=Bret|authorlink1=Bret Stephens|title=The No-State Solution|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123180651247875547|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=29 November 2016|date=14 January 2009|quote=The No-State Solution ; Hamas cares more about Shariah than 'Palestine'}}</ref> According to one poll, "fewer than 2 in 10 Arabs, both Palestinian and all others, believe in Israel's right to exist as a nation with a Jewish majority."<ref>{{cite news|title=The two-state 'solution' mirage, Time for reality-based diplomacy on Israel and Palestinians|first=Tony|last=Blankley|date=May 19, 2009|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/may/19/the-two-state-solution-mirage/|newspaper=[[The Washington Times]]}}</ref> Another poll, however, cited by the [[US State Department]], suggests that "78 percent of Palestinians and 74 percent of Israelis believe a peace agreement that leads to both states living side by side as good neighbors" is "essential or desirable".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.america.gov/st/mena-english/2009/July/200907021105032SAdemahoM0.6612164.html |first=Ahmed |last=Mohamed |date=July 2, 2009 |title=Polls Show Vast Support for Two-State Mideast Peace Solution |access-date=January 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208142417/http://www.america.gov/st/mena-english/2009/July/200907021105032SAdemahoM0.6612164.html |archive-date=February 8, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hoffman|first=Gil|date=July 15, 2011|title=6 in 10 Palestinians reject 2-state solution, survey finds|url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=229493|access-date=April 12, 2016|website=[[Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>
In 2021, a poll by the [[Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research]] revealed that 39% of Palestinians supported "the concept of the two-state solution", while 59% said they rejected it.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|date=December 27, 2021|title=Public Opinion Poll No (82)|url=http://www.pcpsr.org/en/node/866|access-date=January 20, 2022|website=www.pcpsr.org|publisher=[[Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research]]}}</ref> Support is even lower among younger Palestinians; in 2008, then-[[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] noted: "Increasingly, the Palestinians who talk about a two-state solution are my age."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-israel-one-statemay14,0,5082382.story|title=Can 2 foes live under 1 roof?|first1=Richard|last1=Boudreaux|first2=Ashraf|last2=Khalil|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=May 14, 2008|access-date=June 17, 2008}}</ref> A survey taken before the [[Operation Protective Edge|outbreak of fighting in 2014]] by the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] (WINEP) found that 60 percent of Palestinians say the goal of their national movement should be "to work toward reclaiming all of historic Palestine from the river to the sea" compared to just 27 percent who endorse the idea that they should work "to end the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and achieve a two-state solution." WINEP says that "this is a new finding compared to similar (but not identical) questions asked in the past, when support for a two-state solution typically ranged between 40–55 percent".<ref name="vox" /><ref name=wineppoll2014>{{cite web|first=David|last=Pollock|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/new-palestinian-poll-shows-hardline-views-some-pragmatism-too|title=New Palestinian Poll Shows Hardline Views, But Some Pragmatism Too|publisher=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]]|date=June 25, 2014|accessdate=November 4, 2023}}</ref> By 2020, 40% in Gaza and 26% in the West Bank believe that a negotiated two-state solution should solve the conflict.<ref name=":02" /> Another report, published also in 2021 by the [[RAND Corporation]], found that also 60% of Israelis across the political spectrum were opposed to a two-state solution.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 10, 2021|title=Israelis unwilling to risk two-state solution, says new report|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-02-israelis-unwilling-two-state-solution.html|access-date=March 13, 2021|website=phys.org}}</ref>
The two-state solution enjoyed majority support in Israeli polls although there has been some erosion to its prospects over time.<ref name="reut-20070612">{{citation|url=http://www.reut-institute.org/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=1753|title=Is One State Enough?|publisher=Reut Institute|date=12 June 2007|access-date=2008-01-01|archive-date=2014-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418144059/http://www.reut-institute.org/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=1753|url-status=dead}}</ref> A 2014 Haaretz poll asking "Consider that in the framework of an agreement, most settlers are annexed to Israel, Jerusalem will be divided, refugees won't return to Israel and there will be a strict security arrangement, would you support this agreement?", only 35% of Israelis said yes.<ref name="vox">{{cite web|last1=Yglesias|first1=Matthew|title=One thing Israelis and Palestinians agree on: they don't like the two-state solution|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/7/16/5897921/one-thing-israelis-and-palestinians-agree-on-they-dont-like-the-two|website=Vox|access-date=29 November 2016|date=16 July 2014}}</ref>
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==== Global Alliance for the Implementation of a Palestinian State and a Two-State Solution ====
On 26 September 2024, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince [[Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud]] and Norway's Foreign Minister [[Espen Barth Eide]] co-chaired a meeting of representatives of about 90 countries, held on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly, to launch a global alliance to strive for a two-state solution.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=Global alliance launched to support Palestinian state amid ongoing conflicts |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-822518 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=Lederer |first=Edith |date=2024-09-29 |title=Europeans, Arab and Muslim nations launch a new initiative for an independent Palestinian state |url=https://apnews.com/article/un-norway-palestinian-state-saudi-arabia-eu-c9116cdb5f23574e668de65f6a7aca71 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last=Tanios |first=Clauda |date=2024-09-27 |title=Saudi Arabia forms global alliance to push for Israeli-Palestinian two-state solution |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-forms-global-alliance-push-israeli-palestinian-two-state-solution-2024-09-27/ |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-29 |title=Foreign Minister Delivers Saudi Arabia's Speech at the 79th Session of the UN General Assembly |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/N2179632 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=[[Saudi Press Agency]]}}</ref><ref name=":19" /> Subsequent meetings of the alliance took place in October 2024 in Riyadh, in November 2024 in Brussels and in January 2025 in Oslo.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2024-10-30 |title=Riyadh hosts first meeting of
==== G7 ====
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== Other solutions ==
[[File:Trump Peace Plan Map.jpg|thumb|[[2020 Trump
The main alternative is the [[one-state solution|binational solution]], which could either be a twin regime federalist arrangement or a unitary state.<ref name=reut-20041101>{{citation|url=http://www.reut-institute.org/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=346|title=One State Threat|publisher=Reut Institute|date=1 November 2004|access-date=2008-01-01|archive-date=2017-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630054834/http://www.reut-institute.org/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=346|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other alternatives are the three-state solution and the [[Jordanian option]], also known as the "no-state solution".
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The "[[Jordanian option]]" refers to various proposals aimed at resolving the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] through the involvement of the [[Jordan|Kingdom of Jordan]]. These proposals generally involve Jordan retaking control of parts of the West Bank or establishing a [[federation]] or [[confederation]] with a Palestinian state.
In the 1950s and 1960s, King Hussein of Jordan and his officials promoted the idea that "Jordan is Palestine and Palestine is Jordan," aiming to present Jordanians and Palestinians as one unified people with a shared destiny.{{sfn|Shlaim|2008|p=206}}{{sfn|Sharnoff|2024|p=2}} Following the 1967 Six-Day War, which resulted in Jordan losing the West Bank to Israel, Israeli leaders [[Yigal Allon]] and [[Abba Eban]] presented King Hussein with the [[Allon Plan]], which suggested returning parts of the West Bank to Jordan. However, disagreements over this plan led to a stalemate in negotiations.{{sfn|Shemesh|2010|pp=87, 92–95}} In 1986, PLO Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] and King Hussein of Jordan reached an agreement advocating for a peaceful solution to the conflict based on a Jordanian-Palestinian confederation.{{sfn|Quandt|2005|pp=261–262}} This idea was further explored through the secret [[Peres–Hussein London Agreement]] of April 1987, resulting from covert discussions between Israel and Jordan.{{sfn|Peters|Newman|2015|pp=532}} In 1988, King Hussein renounced Jordan’s claims to the West Bank and Palestinian affairs.{{sfn|Peters|Newman|2015|pp=186}} Despite Jordanian opposition to the confederation idea, leading to limited advocacy from Israeli leaders,<ref name=":
=== Dual citizenship ===
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* {{Cite book |last=Ashton |first=Nigel |title=King Hussein of Jordan |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-300-09167-0 |editor-last= |editor-first= |edition= |___location=New Haven and London}} No Google Books preview (August 2024).
* {{Cite journal |last1=Bani Salameh |first1=Mohammed Torki |last2=El-Edwan |first2=Khalid Issa |date=2016 |title=The identity crisis in Jordan: historical pathways and contemporary debates |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2016.1231454 |journal=Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity |publisher=Routledge |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=985–1002 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2016.1231454 |access-date= |via=}}
* {{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |year=2015 |isbn=9781138925373 |editor-last=Peters |editor-first=Joel |___location=London and New York |editor-last2=Newman |editor-first2=David}} No Google Books preview (August 2024).
* {{Cite book |last=Quandt |first=William B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Jm0YNKvQsAC&pg=PA261 |title=Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press and University of California Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780520246317 |edition=3rd |___location=Washington, D.C., Berkeley and Los Angeles |pages=261–262 |access-date=26 August 2024}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://www.routledge.com/Routledge-Companion-to-the-Israeli-Palestinian-Conflict/Siniver/p/book/9781032249018?srsltid=AfmBOopGWVNEf14__LcSfzP7lIz9YmpO5mWbE94WOdz673A6k29oyX2j |title=Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-032-24901-8 |editor-last=Siniver |editor-first=Asaf |___location=Abingdon and New York}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sharnoff |first=Michael |date=2024 |title=Visualizing Palestine in Arab postage stamps: 1948–1967 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2024.2314523 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |publisher=Routledge |volume= 60|issue= 6|pages=979–999 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2024.2314523 |access-date=27 August 2024 |via=}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Shemesh |first=Moshe |date=2010 |title=On Two Parallel Tracks{{snd}}The Secret Jordanian-Israeli Talks (July 1967–September 1973) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/isr.2010.15.3.87 |journal=Israel Studies |publisher=Indiana University Press |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=87–120 |doi=10.2979/isr.2010.15.3.87 |jstor=10.2979/isr.2010.15.3.87 |access-date=26 August 2024 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Shlaim |first=Avi |url= |title=Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace |publisher=[[Knopf]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4000-4305-7 |___location=New York}}
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