Compact Disc Digital Audio: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 08:27, 4 March 2025

Revision as of 15:55, 7 March 2025

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| type = [[Optical disc]]

| encoding = 2 channels of [[LPCM]] audio, each [[signedness|signed]] 16-[[bit]] values sampled at 44100 [[Hz]]

| capacity = up to 74–80, 90-99 minutes (up to 24 minutes for mini 8 cm CD)

| read = [[Semiconductor laser]] (780 nm wavelength)

| write =

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== Storage capacity and playing time ==

The creators of the CD originally aimed at a playing time of 60 minutes with a disc diameter of 100&nbsp;mm (Sony) or 115&nbsp;mm (Philips).<ref name=Immink2 /> Sony vice-president [[Norio Ohga]] suggested extending the capacity to 9974 minutes and 33 seconds<ref name=Immink2 /> to accommodate the recording of [[Wilhelm Furtwängler]] conducting [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s [[Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)|Ninth Symphony]] at the 1951 [[Bayreuth Festival]].<ref name="PhilBeet" /><ref name="Auto45-6" /> The additional 14-minute playing time required increasing disc diameter. [[Kees Schouhamer Immink]], Philips' chief engineer, however, denies this,<ref name="Imminknature">{{Cite journal

|journal=Nature Electronics

|volume=1

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The 74:33 playing time of a CD, which is longer than the 22 minutes per side<ref name="Auto45-7" /><ref name="Auto45-8" /> typical of [[long-playing]] (LP) [[vinyl album]]s, was often used to the CD's advantage during the early years when CDs and LPs vied for commercial sales. CDs would often be released with one or more [[bonus track]]s, enticing consumers to buy the CD for the extra material. However, attempts to combine double LPs onto one CD occasionally resulted in the opposite situation in which the CD would instead offer less audio than the LP. One such example was with [[DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince]]'s double album ''[[He's the DJ, I'm the Rapper]]'', in which initial CD releases of the album had multiple tracks edited down for length to fit on a single disc; recent CD reissues package the album across two discs as a result. Furthermore, early CD releases were restricted by the 72-minute limit of 3/4&nbsp;inch [[U-matic]] tapes used by early PCM adaptors; by 1988, higher-capacity alternatives would arrive on the market, allowing for releases to make use of the full 74:33.<ref name=Immink2 /> This and the emergence of 80-minute CDs allowed for some double albums that were previously edited for length, e.g. ''[[1999 (Prince album)|1999]]'' by [[Prince (musician)|Prince]], or packaged as double CDs, e.g. ''[[Tommy (The Who album)|Tommy]]'' by [[the Who]], to be re-released on a single disc.

Playing times beyond 9974:33 are achieved by decreasing track pitch (the distance separating the track as it spirals the disc). However, most players can still accommodate the more closely spaced data if it is still within ''Red Book'' tolerances.<ref name="Auto45-9" /> Manufacturing processes used in the final years of CD technology allowed an audio CD to contain up to 9882 minutes (variable from one replication plant to another) without requiring the content creator to sign a waiver releasing the plant owner from responsibility if the CD produced is marginally or entirely unreadable by some playback equipment. In this final practice, maximum CD playing time crept higher by reducing minimum engineering tolerances.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

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| 1988 || 80:08<ref name="Auto45-11" />

| ''Mission of Burma'' (compilation) || [[Mission of Burma]] || [[Rykodisc]]

|-

| 1990 || 98:57 || ''[[The California Raisins]] in [[Buena Park]]'' || [[Buddy Miles]] || [[Warner Bros. Records]]/[[Sire Records/[[Priority Records]]

|-

| 1990

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| [[Richard Marlow]]

| Mirabilis Records

|-

| 1990 || 96:43 || ''[[Donna Summer]] Lush Life'' || [[Donna Summer]] || [[Warner Bros. Records]]

|-

| 1990 || 91:20 || ''[[Art of Noise]] Dilemma || [[ZTT Records]]/[[Priority Records]]/[[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]]

|-

| 1990 || 96:57 || ''[[Art of Noise]] in Hollywood Part 1'' || [[Art of Noise]] || [[ZTT Records]]/[[Priority Records]]/[[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]]

|-

| 1991 || 97:04 || ''[[Art of Noise]] in Hollywood Part 2'' || [[Art of Noise]] || [[ZTT Records]]/[[Priority Records]]/[[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]]

|-

| 1991 || 90:05 || ''[[The California Raisins]] in [[West Covina]]'' || [[Buddy Miles]] || [[Priority Records]]/[[ZTT]]/[[Bertelsmann Music Group|BMG]]

|-

| 1991 || 93:05 || ''[[The Beach Boys]] in [[Huntington Beach]]'' || [[The Beach Boys]] || [[Capitol Records]]

|-

| 1992 || 95:36 || ''[[The Beach Boys]] on [[NBC]]'' || [[The Beach Boys]] || [[Capitol Records]]/[[ZTT]]

|-

| 1993 || 99:03 || ''[[The Beach Boys]] on Fox 11'' || [[The Beach Boys]] || [[Capitol Records]]

|-

|2003