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A human–computer interface can be described as the interface of communication between a human user and a computer. The flow of information between the human and computer is defined as the ''loop of interaction''. The loop of interaction has several aspects to it, including:
* '''Visual Basedbased''': The visual-based human–computer interaction is probably the most widespread human–computer interaction (HCI) research area.
* '''Audio-Basedbased''': The audio-based interaction between a computer and a human is another important area of HCI systems. This area deals with information acquired by different audio signals.
* '''''Feedback''''': Loops through the interface that evaluate, moderate, and confirm processes as they pass from the human through the interface to the computer and back.
* '''''Fit''''': This matches the computer design, the user, and the task to optimize the human resources needed to accomplish the task.
** '''Visual-Basedbased HCI'''{{snd}}
**# Facial Expressionexpression Analysisanalysis: This area focuses on visually recognizing and analyzing emotions through facial expressions.
**# Body Movementmovement Trackingtracking (Largelarge-scale): Researchers in this area concentrate on tracking and analyzing large-scale body movements.
**# Gesture Recognitionrecognition: Gesture recognition involves identifying and interpreting gestures made by users, often used for direct interaction with computers in command and action scenarios.
**# Gaze Detectiondetection (Eyeseye-movement Movement Trackingtracking): Gaze detection involves tracking the movement of a user's eyes and is primarily used to better understand the user's attention, intent, or focus in context-sensitive situations. <br />While the specific goals of each area vary based on applications, they collectively contribute to enhancing human-computer interaction. Notably, visual approaches have been explored as alternatives or aids to other types of interactions, such as audio- and sensor-based methods. For example, lip reading or lip movement tracking has proven influential in correcting speech recognition errors.
**'''Audio-Basedbased HCI'''{{snd}} Audio-based interaction in human-computer interaction (HCI) is a crucial field focused on processing information acquired through various audio signals. While the nature of audio signals may be less diverse compared to visual signals, the information they provide can be highly reliable, valuable, and sometimes uniquely informative. The research areas within this ___domain include:
**# Speech Recognitionrecognition: This area centers on the recognition and interpretation of spoken language.
**# Speaker Recognitionrecognition: Researchers in this area concentrate on identifying and distinguishing different speakers.
**# Auditory Emotionemotion Analysisanalysis: Efforts have been made to incorporate human emotions into intelligent human-computer interaction by analyzing emotional cues in audio signals.
**# Human-Mademade Noisenoise/Signsign Detectionsdetections: This involves recognizing typical human auditory signs like sighs, gasps, laughs, cries, etc., which contribute to emotion analysis and the design of more intelligent HCI systems.
**# Musical Interactioninteraction: A relatively new area in HCI, it involves generating and interacting with music, with applications in the art industry. This field is studied in both audio- and visual-based HCI systems.
**'''Sensor-Basedbased HCI'''{{snd}}This section encompasses a diverse range of areas with broad applications, all of which involve the use of physical sensors to facilitate interaction between users and machines. These sensors can range from basic to highly sophisticated. The specific areas include:
**# Pen-Basedbased Interactioninteraction: Particularly relevant in mobile devices, focusing on pen gestures and handwriting recognition.
**# Mouse & Keyboardkeyboard: Well-established input devices discussed in Section 3.1, commonly used in computing.
**# Joysticks: Another established input device for interactive control, commonly used in gaming and simulations.
**# Motion-tracking Tracking Sensorssensors and Digitizersdigitizers: Cutting-edge technology that has revolutionized industries like film, animation, art, and gaming. These sensors, in forms like wearable cloth or joint sensors, enable more immersive interactions between computers and reality.
**# Haptic Sensorssensors: Particularly significant in applications related to robotics and virtual reality, providing feedback based on touch. They play a crucial role in enhancing sensitivity and awareness in humanoid robots, as well as in medical surgery applications.
**# Pressure Sensorssensors: Also important in robotics, virtual reality, and medical applications, providing information based on pressure exerted on a surface.
**# Taste/Smellsmell Sensorssensors: Although less popular compared to other areas, research has been conducted in the field of sensors for taste and smell. These sensors vary in their level of maturity, with some being well-established and others representing cutting-edge technologies.
==Goals for computers==
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