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Another innovation in Thomson's 1910 paper was that he modelled how an atom might deflect an incoming [[beta particle]] if the positive charge of the atom existed in discrete units of equal but arbitrary size, spread evenly throughout the atom, separated by empty space, with each unit having a positive charge equal to the electron's negative charge.<ref>Thomson (1910): "The amount of deflection due to (2) will depend upon whether the positive electricity is uniformly distributed through the atom, or whether it is supposed to be divided into equal units, each occupying a finite volume probably much greater than the volume occupied by a corpuscle."</ref> Thomson therefore came close to deducing the existence of the [[proton]], which was something Rutherford eventually did. In Rutherford's model of the atom, the protons are clustered in a very small nucleus, but in Thomson's alternative model, the positive units were spread throughout the atom.
== Thomson's 1910 beta scattering model==
In his 1910 paper "On the Scattering of rapidly moving Electrified Particles", Thomson presented equations that modelled how [[beta particle]]s scatter in a collision with an atom.<ref name=ThomsonScattering1910>{{cite journal |author=J. J. Thomson |year=1910 |title=On the Scattering of rapidly moving Electrified Particles |journal=Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=15 |pages=465–471 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofcam15190810camb/page/464/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name=Heilbron1968/>{{rp|277}} His work was based on beta scattering studies by [[James Crowther]].
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