Brain–computer interface: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:42, 25 March 2025

Revision as of 14:44, 25 March 2025

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Although the term had not yet been coined, one of the earliest examples of a working brain-machine interface was the piece ''Music for Solo Performer'' (1965) by American composer [[Alvin Lucier]]. The piece makes use of EEG and [[analog signal processing]] hardware (filters, amplifiers, and a mixing board) to stimulate acoustic percussion instruments. Performing the piece requires producing [[alpha waves]] and thereby "playing" the various instruments via loudspeakers that are placed near or directly on the instruments.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Straebel V, Thoben W | author-link1 = Volker Straebel |title = Alvin Lucier's music for solo performer: experimental music beyond sonification |url= https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de//handle/11303/7085|journal = Organised Sound |volume = 19 |issue =1 |year = 2014 |pages = 17–29|doi = 10.1017/S135577181300037X |s2cid = 62506825 }}</ref>

[[Jacques Vidal]] coined the term "BCI" and produced the first peer-reviewed publications on this topic.<ref name="Vidal1"/><ref name="Vidal2"/> He is widely recognized as the inventor of BCIs.<ref name="Wolpaw, J.R 2012">Wolpaw, J.R. and Wolpaw, E.W. (2012). "Brain-Computer Interfaces: Something New Under the Sun". In: ''Brain-Computer Interfaces: Principles and Practice'', Wolpaw, J.R. and Wolpaw (eds.), E.W. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wolpaw JR, Birbaumer N, McFarland DJ, Pfurtscheller G, Vaughan TM | title = Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control | journal = Clinical Neurophysiology | volume = 113 | issue = 6 | pages = 767–791 | date = June 2002 | pmid = 12048038 | doi = 10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00057-3 | s2cid = 17571592 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Allison BZ, Wolpaw EW, Wolpaw JR | title = Brain-computer interface systems: progress and prospects | journal = Expert Review of Medical Devices | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 463–474 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17605682 | doi = 10.1586/17434440.4.4.463 | s2cid = 4690450 }}</ref> A review pointed out that Vidal's 1973 paper stated the "BCI challenge"<ref name="Bozinovski1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bozinovski S, Bozinovska L | year = 2019 | title = Brain-computer interface in Europe: The thirtieth anniversary | journal = Automatika | volume = 60 | issue = 1| pages = 36–47 | doi = 10.1080/00051144.2019.1570644 | doi-access = free }}</ref> of controlling external objects using EEG signals, and especially use of [[Contingent negative variation|Contingent Negative Variation (CNV)]] potential as a challenge for BCI control. Vidal's 1977 experiment was the first application of BCI after his 1973 BCI challenge. It was a noninvasive EEG (actually [[Evoked potential|Visual Evoked Potentials]] (VEP)) control of a cursor-like graphical object on a computer screen. The demonstration was movement in a maze.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vidal |first1=Jacques J. |title=Real-time detection of brain events in EEG |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |date=1977 |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=633–641 |doi=10.1109/PROC.1977.10542 |s2cid=7928242 |url=http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~vidal/Real_Time_Detection.pdf| url-status=dead |access-date=4 November 2022 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719005915/http://web.cs.ucla.edu/~vidal/Real_Time_Detection.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2015}}</ref>

1988 was the first demonstration of noninvasive EEG control of a physical object, a robot. The experiment demonstrated EEG control of multiple start-stop-restart cycles of movement, along an arbitrary trajectory defined by a line drawn on a floor. The line-following behavior was the default robot behavior, utilizing autonomous intelligence and an autonomous energy source.<ref>S. Bozinovski, M. Sestakov, L. Bozinovska: Using EEG alpha rhythm to control a mobile robot, In G. Harris, C. Walker (eds.) ''Proc. IEEE Annual Conference of Medical and Biological Society'', p. 1515-1516, New Orleans, 1988</ref><ref>S. Bozinovski: Mobile robot trajectory control: From fixed rails to direct bioelectric control, In O. Kaynak (ed.) ''Proc. IEEE Workshop on Intelligent Motion Control'', p. 63-67, Istanbul, 1990</ref><ref>M. Lebedev: Augmentation of sensorimotor functions with neural prostheses. Opera Medica and Physiologica. Vol. 2 (3): 211-227, 2016</ref><ref>M. Lebedev, M. Nicolelis: Brain-machine interfaces: from basic science to neuroprostheses and neurorehabilitation, Physiological Review 97:737-867, 2017</ref>