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Jorganalog (talk | contribs) m Added a paragraph on the Interdesign Monochip, a 1971 user-definable analog array. |
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[[File:LYAPUNOV-1 circuit board.jpg|thumb|The LYAPUNOV-1 uses a 4x8 grid of FPAA chips.]]
The term ''FPAA'' was first used in 1991 by Lee and Gulak.<ref name="1 Lee and Gulak">{{cite journal |author=E. K. F. Lee |author2=P. G. Gulak |date=December 1991 |title=A CMOS Field-programmable analog array |journal=IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1860–1867 |doi=10.1109/4.104162|bibcode=1991IJSSC..26.1860L |s2cid=5323561 }}</ref> They put forward the concept of CABs that are connected via a routing network and configured digitally. Subsequently, in 1992{{citation needed|date=July 2023}} and 1995<ref name="3 Lee and Gulak">{{cite book|chapter=A transconductor-based field-programmable analog array|doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1995.535521|isbn=0-7803-2495-1|year=1995|last1=Lee|first1=E.K.F.|last2=Gulak|first2=P.G.|title=Proceedings ISSCC '95 - International Solid-State Circuits Conference |pages=198–199|s2cid=56613166}}</ref> they further elaborated the concept with the inclusion of op-amps, capacitors, and resistors. This original chip was manufactured using 1.2 μm CMOS technology and operates in the 20 kHz range at a power consumption of 80 mW.
However, the concept of a user-definable analog array dates back 20 years earlier, to the mask-programmable analog "Monochip" invented by the designer of the famous 555 timer chip, Hans Camenzind, and his company Interdesign (later acquired by Ferranti in 1977). The Monochip was the basis for a pioneering line of chips for music synthesizers, sold by Curtis Electromusic (CEM). <ref>{{Cite web |last=matrix |title=Pictures of dead CEM chips |url=https://www.matrixsynth.com/2008/06/pictures-of-dead-cem-chips.html |access-date=2025-03-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-03 |title=Interdesign, Inc. |url=https://sdiy.info/wiki/Interdesign,_Inc. |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Synth DIY Wiki |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=tluong |date=2012-09-21 |title=Hans Camenzind: Remembering a “Wizard of Analog” |url=https://computerhistory.org/blog/hans-camenzind-remembering-a-wizard-of-analog/?key=hans-camenzind-remembering-a-wizard-of-analog |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=CHM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.curtiselectromusic.com/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Curtis Electromusic |language=en}}</ref>
Pierzchala et al introduced a similar concept named '''electronically-programmable analog circuit''' ('''EPAC''').<ref name="4 Pierzchala">{{cite book|chapter=Current-mode amplifier/Integrator for a field-programmable analog array|doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1995.535520|isbn=0-7803-2495-1|year=1995|last1=Pierzchala|first1=E.|last2=Perkowski|first2=M.A.|last3=Van Halen|first3=P.|last4=Schaumann|first4=R.|title=Proceedings ISSCC '95 - International Solid-State Circuits Conference |pages=196–197|s2cid=60724962}}</ref> It featured only a single integrator. However, they proposed a local interconnect [[Network architecture|architecture]] in order to try to avoid the bandwidth limitations.
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