Content deleted Content added
Ozeybekoglu (talk | contribs) Added information about MR-Linacs |
Citation bot (talk | contribs) Altered pages. Add: doi-access, authors 1-1. Removed URL that duplicated identifier. Removed access-date with no URL. Removed parameters. Formatted dashes. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Jay8g | #UCB_toolbar |
||
Line 23:
}}</ref> Electrons are sufficiently lighter than protons that they achieve speeds close to the [[speed of light]] early in the acceleration process. As a result, "accelerating" electrons increase in energy but can be treated as having a constant velocity from an accelerator design standpoint. This allowed Hansen to use an accelerating structure consisting of a horizontal [[waveguide]] loaded by a series of discs. The 1947 accelerator had an energy of 6 MeV. Over time, electron acceleration at the [[SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory]] would extend to a size of {{convert|2|mi|km}} and an output energy of 50 GeV.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neal |first1=R. B. |title=The Stanford Two-Mile Accelerator |chapter=Chap. 5 |publisher=W.A. Benjamin, Inc |year=1968 |___location=New York, New York |page=59 |chapter-url=http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/hep/HEPPDF/twomile/Chapters_4_5.pdf |access-date=2010-09-17}}</ref>
As linear accelerators were developed with higher beam currents, using magnetic fields to focus proton and heavy ion beams presented difficulties for the initial stages of the accelerator. Because the magnetic force is dependent on the particle velocity, it was desirable to create a type of accelerator which could simultaneously accelerate and focus low-to-mid energy [[hadron]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stokes |first1=Richard H. |last2=Wangler |first2=Thomas P. |title=Radiofrequency Quadrupole Accelerators and their Applications |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |date=1988 |volume=38 |issue=38 |pages=97–118 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ns.38.120188.000525 |bibcode=1988ARNPS..38...97S
Beginning in the 1960s, scientists at Stanford and elsewhere began to explore the use of [[superconducting radio frequency]] cavities for particle acceleration.<ref>{{cite arXiv | last=Padamsee | first=Hasan | date= April 14, 2020 | title= History of gradient advances in SRF | class=physics.acc-ph | eprint=2004.06720}}</ref> Superconducting cavities made of [[niobium]] alloys allow for much more efficient acceleration, as a substantially higher fraction of the input power could be applied to the beam rather than lost to heat. Some of the earliest superconducting linacs included the Superconducting Linear Accelerator (for electrons) at Stanford<ref>{{cite report | first=Catherine | last=Westfall | title=The Prehistory of Jefferson Lab's SRF Accelerating Cavities, 1962 to 1985 | date=April 1997 | publisher=[[Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility]] | docket=JLAB-PHY-97-35 | url=https://misportal.jlab.org/ul/publications/view_pub.cfm?pub_id=11132}}</ref> and the [[Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System]] (for protons and heavy ions) at [[Argonne National Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ostroumov |first1=Peter |last2=Gerigk |first2=Frank |title=Superconducting Hadron Linacs |journal=Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology |date=January 2013 |volume=06 |pages=171–196 |doi=10.1142/S1793626813300089}}</ref>
Line 78:
The [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] and the [[Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin]] with the project "bERLinPro" reported on corresponding development work. The Berlin experimental accelerator uses superconducting niobium cavity resonators. In 2014, three [[free-electron laser]]s based on ERLs were in operation worldwide: in the [[Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility|Jefferson Lab]] (US), in the [[Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics]] (Russia) and at JAEA (Japan).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319143934|title=Synchrotron Light Sources and Free-Electron Lasers: Accelerator Physics, Instrumentation and Science Applications|date=2016|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-14393-4|editor-last=Jaeschke|editor-first=Eberhard|language=en|editor-last2=Khan|editor-first2=Shaukat|editor-last3=Schneider|editor-first3=Jochen R.|editor-last4=Hastings|editor-first4=Jerome B.}}</ref> At the [[University of Mainz]], an ERL called MESA is expected to begin operation in 2024.
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hug |first1=Florian |last2=Aulenbacher |first2=Kurt |last3=Heine |first3=Robert |last4=Ledroit |first4=Ben |last5=Simon |first5=Daniel |title=MESA - an ERL Project for Particle Physics Experiments |journal=Proceedings of the 28th Linear Accelerator Conf. |date=2017 |volume=LINAC2016 |pages=
=== Compact Linear Collider ===
Line 124:
In 2019 a Little Linac model kit, containing 82 building blocks, was developed for children undergoing radiotherapy treatment for cancer. The hope is that building the model will alleviate some of the stress experienced by the child before undergoing treatment by helping them to understand what the treatment entails. The kit was developed by Professor David Brettle, [[Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine]] (IPEM) in collaboration with manufacturers Best-Lock Ltd. The model can be seen at the [[Science Museum, London]].
Also, MR-LINACs integrate high-quality [[Magnetic resonance imaging]] with linear accelerators, enabling real-time imaging, motion management, and on-table adaptive planning, which are increasingly being used to enhance treatment precision and streamline workflows in radiation oncology.<ref>{{Cite journal |
==Application for medical isotope development==
Line 131:
==Disadvantages==
*The device length limits the locations where one may be placed.<ref name="Pichoff">{{cite journal |last1=Pichoff |first1=N. |title=Introduction to RF Linear accelerators |journal=CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Intermediate Accelerator Physics |date=2006 |pages=
*A great number of driver devices and their associated power supplies are required, increasing the construction and maintenance expense of this portion.{{r|Pichoff}}
*If the walls of the accelerating cavities are made of normally conducting material and the accelerating fields are large, the wall resistivity converts electric energy into heat quickly.
| |||