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Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) under a grant from the [[National Science Foundation]], followed by a contract from the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency ([[DARPA]]).<ref name="Vidal1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vidal JJ | title = Toward direct brain-computer communication | journal = Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 157–180 | year = 1973 | pmid = 4583653 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.bb.02.060173.001105 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Vidal2">{{cite journal| vauthors = Vidal J |title=Real-Time Detection of Brain Events in EEG|journal= Proceedings of the IEEE|year=1977|volume=65|pages=633–641|doi=10.1109/PROC.1977.10542|issue=5|s2cid=7928242}}</ref> Vidal's 1973 paper introduced the expression ''brain–computer interface'' into scientific literature.
Due to the [[cortical plasticity]] of the brain, signals from implanted [[prostheses]] can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levine SP, Huggins JE, BeMent SL, Kushwaha RK, Schuh LA, Rohde MM, Passaro EA, Ross DA, Elisevich KV, Smith BJ | display-authors = 6 | title = A direct brain interface based on event-related potentials | journal = IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 180–185 | date = June 2000 | pmid = 10896180 | doi = 10.1109/86.847809 }}</ref> Following years of animal experimentation, the first [[neuroprosthetic]] devices were implanted in humans in the mid-1990s.
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==History==
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