Help:IPA/English: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:23, 28 March 2025

Revision as of 00:58, 6 April 2025

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! style="width:3em" | IPA !! Examples

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|p}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, pi'''p'''e}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|b}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''b'''uy, cabri'''b'''e

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|t}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''t'''ie, s'''t'''y, tigh'''t''', <br> la'''tt'''er}}{{refn|name=flapping|In varieties with [[flapping]], {{IPA|/t/}} and sometimes also {{IPA|/d/}} between a vowel and a weak or word-initial vowel may be pronounced with a voiced tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, making ''latter'' sound similar or identical to ''ladder''. Some dictionaries transcribe {{IPA|/t/}} subject to this process as {{angbr IPA|d}} or {{angbr IPA|t̬}}, but they are not distinguished in this transcription system. In those varieties, the sequence {{IPA|/nt/}} in the same environment may also be realized as a [[nasalized]] tap {{IPAblink|ɾ̃}}, making ''winter'' sound similar or identical to ''winner''. This is also not distinguished in this system.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|tj}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''t'''une{{refn|name=yod}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|tʃ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''ch'''ew, ba'''tch'''

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|d}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''d'''ye, dye'''d''', <br> la'''dd'''er{{refn|name=flapping}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er{{refn|name=flapping|In varieties with [[flapping]], {{IPA|/t/}} and sometimes also {{IPA|/d/}} between a vowel and a weak or word-initial vowel may be pronounced with a voiced tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, making ''latter'' sound similar or identical to ''ladder''. Some dictionaries transcribe {{IPA|/t/}} subject to this process as {{angbr IPA|d}} or {{angbr IPA|t̬}}, but they are not distinguished in this transcription system. In those varieties, the sequence {{IPA|/nt/}} in the same environment may also be realized as a [[nasalized]] tap {{IPAblink|ɾ̃}}, making ''winter'' sound similar or identical to ''winner''. This is also not distinguished in this system.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|dj}}}}

Line 32 ⟶ 44:

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|dʒ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''j'''iveew, ba'''dg'''e

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ðk}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''thK'''yai, breas'''thk'''ey, fapi'''thk'''ere

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|f}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''f'''ind, lea'''f'''

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɡ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''g'''uy, ba'''g'''

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|hθ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''hth'''igh, ashea'''hth'''ead

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|hwθj}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''th'''ew{{refn|name=yod}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''wh'''ine{{refn|The phoneme {{IPA|/hw/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/w/}} in the many dialects with the [[Wine–whine merger|''wine''–''whine'' merger]], such as RP and most varieties of General American. For more information on this sound, see [[voiceless labialized velar approximant]].}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ð}}}}

| {{big|{{IPA|j}}}}{{refn|The IPA value of the letter {{angbr IPA|j}} may be counterintuitive to English speakers, but the spelling is found even in some common English words like ''[[hallelujah]]'' and ''[[fjord]]''. Some dictionaries use {{angbr IPA|y}} instead, although it represents a [[close front rounded vowel]] in official IPA.}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''th'''y, shea'''th'''ese, hallelufa'''jth'''aher

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|kf}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''kf'''ind, slea'''kf'''y, o'''c'''ra'''ckff'''

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|lv}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''lv'''ie}}, plea'''lv'''ye, gao'''lf'''}}{{refn|{{IPA|/l/}} in the [[syllable coda]], as in the words ''all'', ''cold'', or ''bottle'', is pronounced as {{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|u}}, {{IPAblink|w}} or a similar sound in many dialects through [[L-vocalization]].}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|lj}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''l'''ute{{refn|name=yod}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|m}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''m'''y, s'''m'''ile, ca'''m'''

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|n}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''n'''igh, s'''n'''ide, ca'''n'''

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|nj}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''n'''ew{{refn|name=yod}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ŋ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | sa'''ng''', si'''n'''k, si'''ng'''er

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|p}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|r}}}}{{refn|In most varieties of English, {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as an [[Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|Voiced postalveolar approximant]] {{angbr IPA|ɹ̠}}. Although the IPA symbol {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the [[alveolar trill]], {{angbr IPA|r}} is widely used instead of {{angbr IPA|ɹ̠}} in broad transcriptions of English for convenience.}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|s}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''s'''igh, mai'''ssc'''e

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|sj}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | con'''ssu'''umeral, as'''su'''me{{refn|name=yod}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ʃ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''sh'''y, ca'''sh''', emo'''ti'''on

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|tz}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''tz'''ieip, si'''t'''y, ca'''t''', la'''tts'''er}}{{refn|name=flapping}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|tjzj}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''tZ'''uneeus, re'''s'''ume{{refn|name=yod}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|tʃʒ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | plea'''Chsu'''inare, cabei'''tchg'''e{{refn|A number of English words, such as ''genre'' and ''garage'', may be pronounced with either {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|θh}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''thh'''igh, pabe'''thh'''ind

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|θjhw}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''wh'''ine{{refn|The phoneme {{IPA|/hw/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/w/}} in the many dialects with the [[Wine–whine merger|''wine''–''whine'' merger]], such as RP and most varieties of General American. For more information on this sound, see [[voiceless labialized velar approximant]].}}

| style="text-align: left" | en'''th'''use{{refn|name=yod}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|vl}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''l'''ie, p'''l'''y, ga'''l'''}}{{refn|{{IPA|/l/}} in the [[syllable coda]], as in the words ''all'', ''cold'', or ''bottle'', is pronounced as {{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|u}}, {{IPAblink|w}} or a similar sound in many dialects through [[L-vocalization]].}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{Not a typo|'''v'''ie, lea'''v'''e}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|lj}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''l'''ute{{refn|name=yod}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|r}}}}{{refn|In most varieties of English, {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as an [[Voiced alveolar and postalveolar approximants|Voiced postalveolar approximant]] {{angbr IPA|ɹ̠}}. Although the IPA symbol {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the [[alveolar trill]], {{angbr IPA|r}} is widely used instead of {{angbr IPA|ɹ̠}} in broad transcriptions of English for convenience.}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|j}}}}{{refn|The IPA value of the letter {{angbr IPA|j}} may be counterintuitive to English speakers, but the spelling is found even in some common English words like ''[[hallelujah]]'' and ''[[fjord]]''. Some dictionaries use {{angbr IPA|y}} instead, although it represents a [[close front rounded vowel]] in official IPA.}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''y'''es, hallelu'''j'''ah

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|w}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''w'''ine, s'''w'''ine

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|zm}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''zm'''ooy, has'''sm'''ack, Sa'''m'''

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|zjn}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''Zn'''eusigh, res'''sn'''ack, Sa'''n'''ume{{refn|name=yod}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|nj}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | '''n'''ew{{refn|name=yod}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ŋ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | sa'''ng''', si'''n'''k, si'''ng'''er

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ʒ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | plea'''s'''ure, bei'''g'''e{{refn|A number of English words, such as ''genre'' and ''garage'', may be pronounced with either {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.}}

|}

Line 127 ⟶ 128:

! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɑːɪ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|K'''I'''T}}, b'''i'''g, b'''i'''t{{refn|name=strong-weak|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} and {{angbr IPA|oʊ}} represent strong vowels in some words and weak vowels in others. It will not always be clear which they are.{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=91–2}}.}}{{efn|{{cite web|last=Wells|first=John|date=25 March 2011|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/03/strong-and-weak.html|title=strong and weak|work=John Wells's phonetic blog}}}}}}, f'''i'''ll

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|P'''A'''LM}}, br'''a''', f'''a'''ther

| {{big|{{IPA|ɑːrɪr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|STm'''ARirr'''T}}or, '''er'''ect

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɛ}}}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ɛ/}} is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}} in many dictionaries. However, {{IPA|/eɪ/}} is also sometimes transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}}, especially in North American literature, so {{angbr IPA|ɛ}} is chosen here.}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|LDR'''OE'''TSS}}, b'''oe'''therg, cacc'''oe'''tssed, bl'''o'''ckade{{refn|In<br> dialects with the [[Father–bother merger|l''father'e'–''bother'' merger]] such as General American, {{IPA|/ɒ/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɑː/}}.}}ngth

| {{big|{{IPA|ɒrɛr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | m'''err'''y, s'''er'''aphic{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}

| style="text-align: left" | m'''or'''al{{refn|In most of the United States, {{IPA|/ɒr/}} is merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}, except for a handful of words such as ''borrow'', ''tomorrow'' and ''sorry'', which instead have {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In some parts of the Southern and Northeastern US, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In Canada, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|æ}}}}{{refn|Some British sources, such as the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], use {{angbr IPA|a}} instead of {{IPA|/æ/}} to transcribe this vowel. This more closely reflects the actual vowel quality in contemporary [[Received Pronunciation]].{{efn|{{cite web|url=https://www.oed.com/information/understanding-entries/pronunciation/british-english-pronunciations/|title=British English Pronunciations|publisher=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|accessdate=4 September 2023}}}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|TR'''A'''P}}, b'''a'''g, st'''a'''ngttoo, t<br> c'''a'''ttootch, s'''a'''ng{{refn|In North America, {{IPA|/æ/}} is often pronounced like a diphthong {{IPA|[eə~ɛə]}} before nasal consonants and, in some particular regional dialects, other environments. See [[:/æ/ raising|{{IPA|/æ/|cat=no}} raising]].}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ær}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | m'''arr'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry|Many North American accents have the [[Mary–marry–merry merger|''Mary''–''marry''–''merry'' merger]] and therefore don't distinguish between the corresponding sounds {{IPA|/ɛər/}}, {{IPA|/ær/}}, and {{IPA|/ɛr/}}. Some speakers merge only two of the sounds (most typically {{IPA|/ɛər/}} with one of the short vowels), and less than a fifth of speakers of American English make a full three-way distinction like in RP and similar accents.{{efn|{{cite web|last1=Vaux|first1=Bert|last2=Golder|first2=Scott|year=2003|url=http://dialect.redlog.net/staticmaps/q_15.html|title=How do you pronounce Mary/merry/marry?|work=Harvard Dialect Survey|publisher=Harvard University Linguistics Department}}}}}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|aɪɒ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|PRL'''IO'''CET}}, pc'''ieo'''{{refn|name=CanadianRaising|In much of North Americat, {{IPA|/aɪ/}} or {{IPA|/aʊ/}} may have a slightly different quality when it precedes a [[voiceless]] consonant, as in b''price'o' or ''mouth''ther,{{refn|In fromdialects thatwith inthe [[Father–bother merger|''ride/piefather'' or –''loud/howbother'', a phenomenon known as [[Canadian raisingmerger]]. Sincesuch thisas occursGeneral in a predictable fashionAmerican, it{{IPA|/ɒ/}} is not distinguished infrom this transcription system{{IPA|/ɑː/}}.}} <br> '''al'''ternate

| {{big|{{IPA|aɪərɒr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | hm'''ireor'''{{refn|name=triphthong|Some speakers pronounce ''higheral, flowerM'' and 'aur'coyer''ice{{refn|In ("moremost coy")of withthe twoUnited syllablesStates, and{{IPA|/ɒr/}} ''hire,is flour'' and ''coir''merged with one.{{IPA|/ɔːr/}}, Mostexcept pronouncefor thema thehandful same.of Forwords thesuch formeras group of words''borrow'', make''tomorrow'' useand of''sorry'', syllablewhich breaks,instead as inhave {{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/, /ˈflaʊ.ər/, /ˈkɔɪ.ərɑːr/}},. toIn differentiatesome fromparts of the latter.Southern Beforeand Northeastern vowelsUS, theit distinctionis betweenalways merged with {{IPA|/aɪər, aʊər, ɔɪərɑːr/}}. andIn {{IPA|/aɪrCanada, aʊr, ɔɪr/}}it is not always clear;merged choose the former if the second element may be omitted (as inwith {{IPA|[ˈdaəri]/ɔːr/}} ''diary'').}}

|-

| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}{{refn|Some, particularly North American, dictionaries notate {{IPA|/ʌ/}} with the same symbol as {{IPA|/ə/}}, which is found only in unstressed syllables, and distinguish it from {{IPA|/ə/}} by marking the syllable as stressed. Also note that although {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, the IPA symbol for the [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|open-mid back vowel]], is used, the typical modern pronunciation is rather close to the [[near-open central unrounded vowel|near-open central vowel]] {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in some dialects, including Received Pronunciation.}}

| {{big|{{IPA|aʊ}}}}

| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|STR'''U'''T}}, bl'''oo'''d, tr'''u'''stee{{refn|{{IPA|/ʌ/}} is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England and some parts of Ireland and Wales. These words would take the {{IPA|/ʊ/}} vowel: there is no [[Foot–strut split|''foot''–''strut'' split]].}} <br> '''u'''nd'''o'''ne

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|M'''OU'''TH}}, h'''ow'''{{refn|name=CanadianRaising}}

| {{big|{{IPA|aʊərʌr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | flh'''oururr'''y{{refn|name=triphthong{{IPA|/ʌr/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} in dialects with the [[Hurry–furry merger|''hurry''–''furry'' merger]] such as General American.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɜːr}}}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ɛ}}}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ɛ/}} is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}} in many dictionaries. However, {{IPA|/eɪ/}} is also sometimes transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}}, especially in North American literature, so {{angbr IPA|ɛ}} is chosen here.}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''UR'''SE}}, '''ur'''bane, forew'''or'''d{{refn|In Received Pronunciation, {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} is pronounced as a lengthened schwa, {{IPA|[əː]}}. In General American, it is phonetically identical to {{IPA|/ər/}}. Some dictionaries therefore use {{angbr IPA|əː, ər}} instead of the conventional notations {{angbr IPA|ɜː, ɜr}}. When {{angbr IPA|ər}} is used for {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}, it is distinguished from {{IPA|/ər/}} by marking the syllable as stressed.}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|DR'''E'''SS}}, b'''e'''g, l'''e'''ngth, pr'''e'''stige

| {{big|{{IPA|ɛr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | m'''err'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|eɪʊ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''AOO'''CET}}, vp'''au'''guet, g'''oo'''d, p'''u'''ll

| {{big|{{IPA|ɛərʊr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | c'''our'''ier

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|SQU'''ARE'''}}, M'''ar'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}{{refn|name=centering|{{IPA|/ɛə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪə/}}, or {{IPA|/ʊə/}} may be separated from {{IPA|/r/}} only when a stress follows it. The [[Template:IPAc-en|IPAc-en]] template supports {{IPA|/ɛəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɛəˌr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˌr/}}, and {{IPA|/ʊəˌr/}} as distinct diaphonemes for such occasions.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|K'''I'''T}}, b'''i'''g, s'''i'''ng, h'''i'''storic{{refn|name=strong-weak|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} and {{angbr IPA|oʊ}} represent strong vowels in some words and weak vowels in others. It will not always be clear which they are.{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=91–2}}.}}{{efn|{{cite web|last=Wells|first=John|date=25 March 2011|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/03/strong-and-weak.html|title=strong and weak|work=John Wells's phonetic blog}}}}}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ɪr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | m'''irr'''or, S'''ir'''ius

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|iː}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|FL'''EE'''CE}}, lfl'''ea'''gues, pedigrf'''ee''', id<br> r'''e'''aal{{refn|name=smoothing|Words like ''idea, real,'' and ''theatre'' may be pronounced with {{IPA|/ɪə/}} and ''cruel'' with {{IPA|/ʊə/}} in non-rhotic accents such as Received Pronunciation, and some dictionaries transcribe them with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}},{{efn|name=wells-smoothing|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=240}}.}} but since they are not pronounced with {{IPA|/r/}} in rhotic accents, they are transcribed with {{IPA|/iːə, uːə/}}, not with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}}, in this transcription system.}}, f'''ee'''l

| {{big|{{IPA|ɪər}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''EAR'''}}, s'''er'''ious{{refn|name=centering}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|eɪ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''A'''CE}}, ph'''a'''se, ess'''ay'''

| {{big|{{IPA|ɛər}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|SQU'''ARE'''}}, M'''ar'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}{{refn|name=centering|{{IPA|/ɛə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪə/}}, or {{IPA|/ʊə/}} may be separated from {{IPA|/r/}} only when a stress follows it. The [[Template:IPAc-en|IPAc-en]] template supports {{IPA|/ɛəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɛəˌr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˌr/}}, and {{IPA|/ʊəˌr/}} as distinct diaphonemes for such occasions.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}{{refn|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} is often transcribed with {{angbr IPA|əʊ}}, particularly in British literature, based on its modern realization in Received Pronunciation. It is also transcribed with {{angbr IPA|o}}, particularly in North American literature.}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|G'''OA'''T}}, g'''oa'''d, g'''o'''{{refn|name=strong-weak}}, g'''oa'''l

| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ɔːr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''OR'''CE}}, h'''oar'''se{{refn|name=horse|Some accents, such as [[Scottish English]], many forms of [[Irish English]] and some conservative [[American English|American]] accents, make a distinction between the vowels in ''horse'' and ''hoarse'' (i.e. they lack the [[horse–hoarse merger|''horse''–''hoarse'' merger]]). Since most modern dictionaries do not differentiate between them, neither does this key.}}, f'''or'''esaw

|-

| | {{big|{{IPA|ɔː}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|TH'''OUGH'''T}}, c'''augh'''t, '''au'''dacioustistic{{refn|{{IPA|/ɔː/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɒ/}} in dialects with the [[Cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]] such as Scottish English, Canadian English and many varieties of General American. In North America, the two vowels most often fall together with {{IPA|/ɑː/}}.}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''OR'''TH}}, h'''or'''se{{refn|name=horse}}, ac'''or'''n

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|CH'''OI'''CE}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪər}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | c'''oir'''{{refn|name=triphthong}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ʊ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|F'''OO'''T}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ʊr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | c'''our'''ier

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|uː}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|G'''OO'''SE}}, gl'''ue'''s, g'''oo''' <br> cr'''u'''el{{refn|name=smoothing}}, p'''oo'''l

| {{big|{{IPA|ʊər}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | t'''our''', {{nowrap|{{sc2|C'''URE'''}} {{small|({{IPA|/ˈkjʊər/}})}}}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ʊər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} in dialects with the [[cure–force merger|''cure''–''force'' merger]], including many younger speakers. In England, the merger may not be fully consistent and may only apply to more common words. In conservative RP and Northern England English {{IPA|/ʊər/}} is much more commonly preserved than in modern RP and Southern England English. In Australia and New Zealand, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} does not exist as a separate phoneme and is replaced either by the sequence {{IPA|/uːər/}} ({{IPA|/uːr/}} before vowels within the same word, save for some compounds) or the monophthong {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}{{refn|name=centering}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɑː}}}}

| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}{{refn|Some, particularly North American, dictionaries notate {{IPA|/ʌ/}} with the same symbol as {{IPA|/ə/}}, which is found only in unstressed syllables, and distinguish it from {{IPA|/ə/}} by marking the syllable as stressed. Also note that although {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, the IPA symbol for the [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|open-mid back vowel]], is used, the typical modern pronunciation is rather close to the [[near-open central unrounded vowel|near-open central vowel]] {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in some dialects, including Received Pronunciation.}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|P'''A'''LM}}, f'''a'''ther, g'''a'''g'''a'''

| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|STR'''U'''T}}, s'''u'''ng, '''u'''ntidy, tr'''u'''stee{{refn|{{IPA|/ʌ/}} is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England and some parts of Ireland and Wales. These words would take the {{IPA|/ʊ/}} vowel: there is no [[Foot–strut split|''foot''–''strut'' split]].}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ɜːrɑːr}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|ST'''AR'''T}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|N'''UR'''SE}}, bl'''urr'''y, '''ur'''bane, forew'''or'''d{{refn|In Received Pronunciation, {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} is pronounced as a lengthened schwa, {{IPA|[əː]}}. In General American, it is phonetically identical to {{IPA|/ər/}}. Some dictionaries therefore use {{angbr IPA|əː, ər}} instead of the conventional notations {{angbr IPA|ɜː, ɜr}}. When {{angbr IPA|ər}} is used for {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}, it is distinguished from {{IPA|/ər/}} by marking the syllable as stressed.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ʌraɪ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|PR'''I'''CE}}{{refn|name=CanadianRaising|In much of North America, {{IPA|/aɪ/}} or {{IPA|/aʊ/}} may have a slightly different quality when it precedes a [[voiceless]] consonant, as in ''price'' or ''mouth'', from that in ''ride/pie'' or ''loud/how'', a phenomenon known as [[Canadian raising]]. Since this occurs in a predictable fashion, it is not distinguished in this transcription system.}}, pr'''i'''ze, pr'''y'''

| style="text-align: left" | h'''urr'''y{{refn|{{IPA|/ʌr/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} in dialects with the [[Hurry–furry merger|''hurry''–''furry'' merger]] such as General American.}}

| {{big|{{IPA|aɪər}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | h'''ire''', h'''igh'''er{{refn|name=triphthong|Some speakers pronounce ''higher, flower'' and ''coyer'' ("more coy") with two syllables, and ''hire, flour'' and ''coir'' with one. Most pronounce them the same. For the former group of words, make use of syllable breaks, as in {{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/, /ˈflaʊ.ər/, /ˈkɔɪ.ər/}}, to differentiate from the latter. Before vowels, the distinction between {{IPA|/aɪər, aʊər, ɔɪər/}} and {{IPA|/aɪr, aʊr, ɔɪr/}} is not always clear; choose the former if the second element may be omitted (as in {{IPA|[ˈdaəri]}} ''diary'').}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|aʊ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|M'''OU'''TH}}{{refn|name=CanadianRaising}}, m'''ou'''ths, M'''ao'''

| {{big|{{IPA|aʊər}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | fl'''our''', fl'''ow'''er{{refn|name=triphthong}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|CH'''OI'''CE}}, j'''oy'''s, j'''oy'''

| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪər}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | c'''oir''', c'''oy'''er{{refn|name=triphthong}}

|-

! colspan="4" |[[Stress and vowel reduction in English|Weak vowels]]

Line 210:

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ə}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|COMM'''A'''}}, abbb'''oa'''tzaar, bRos'''a'''zaar's

| {{big|{{IPA|ər}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | {{sc2|LETT'''ER'''}}, forw'''ar'''d, hist'''or'''y{{refn|name=syllabic}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | rabbb'''i'''tzarre, bros'''ie'''zarres, <br> Lat'''i'''n{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} represents a strong vowel in some contexts and a weak vowel in others. In accents with the [[weak vowel merger]] such as most Australian and American accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is not distinguished from schwa {{IPA|/ə/}}, making ''rabbit'' and ''abbot'' rhyme and ''Lenin'' and ''Lennon'' homophonous. (Pairs like ''roses'' and ''Rosa's'' are kept distinct in American accents because of the difference in morphological structure,{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=94–5}}.}} but may be homophonous in Australian.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=601}}.}}) In these accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪl, ɪn, ɪm/}} merge with {{IPA|/əl, ən, əm/}}, so that the second vowel in ''Latin'' may be lost and ''cabinet'' may be disyllabic (see the previous note).}}

| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | mott'''o''', retr'''o'''active, <br> foll'''ow'''er{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|name=schwa-w|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} in unstressed, prevocalic positions are transcribed as {{IPA|/əw/}} by Merriam-Webster, but no other dictionary uniformly follows this practice.{{efn|{{cite web |last=Windsor Lewis |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Windsor Lewis |date=10 April 2009 |url=http://www.yek.me.uk/archive18.html#blog174 |title=The Elephant in the Room |work=PhonetiBlog}}}} Hence the difference between {{IPA|/əw/}} in Merriam-Webster and {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} in another source is most likely one in notation, not in pronunciation, so {{IPA|/əw/}} in such cases may be better replaced with {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} accordingly, to minimize confusion: {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃəˈweɪʃən/}} → {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/}}, {{IPA|/ˈfɒləwər/}} → {{IPA|/ˈfɒloʊər/}}.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|i}}}}

Line 234:

|-

| rowspan="2" | {{big|{{IPA|əl}}}}

| rowspan="2" style="text-align: left" | bott'''le''', doub'''l'''ing <br> {{small|({{IPA|[əl]}}, {{IPA|[l̩]}}, or {{IPA|[l]}})}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ən}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | butt'''on''', fastlight'''en'''ering {{small|({{IPA|[ən]}}, {{IPA|[n̩]}}, or {{IPA|[n]}})}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|əm}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | rhythbott'''mom''', blossbott'''om'''ing {{small|({{IPA|[əm]}}, {{IPA|[m̩]}}, or {{IPA|[m]}})}}

|-

! colspan="4" | [[Marginal phoneme|Marginal segments]]

Line 245:

! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|x}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | lo'''ch''', '''Ch'''anukah{{refn|In most dialects, {{IPA|/x/}} can also be replaced by {{IPA|/k/}} in most words, including ''loch''. It is also replaced with {{IPA|/h/}} in some words, particularly of Yiddish origin, such as ''Chanukah''.}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ʔ}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | uh'''-'''oh {{IPA|/ˈʌʔoʊ/}}

| {{big|{{IPA|x}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | lo'''ch''', '''Ch'''anukah{{refn|In most dialects, {{IPA|/x/}} can also be replaced by {{IPA|/k/}} in most words, including ''loch''. It is also replaced with {{IPA|/h/}} in some words, particularly of Yiddish origin, such as ''Chanukah''.}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ̃}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | b'''on''' viv'''an'''t{{refn|name=nasalvowel|{{IPA|/ɒ̃, æ̃/}} are only found in French loanwords and often replaced by another vowel and a nasal consonant: ''bon vivant'' {{IPA|/ˌbɒn viːˈvɒnt/}}, ''ensemble'' {{IPA|/ɒnˈsɒmbəl/}}, etc.{{efn|{{harvp|Jones|2011}}.}}}}

| {{big|{{IPA|æ̃}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | f'''in''' de siècle{{refn|name=nasalvowel}}

| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ̃}}}}

| style="text-align: left" | b'''on''' viv'''an'''t{{refn|name=nasalvowel|{{IPA|/ɒ̃, æ̃/}} are only found in French loanwords and often replaced by another vowel and a nasal consonant: ''bon vivant'' {{IPA|/ˌbɒn viːˈvɒnt/}}, ''ensemble'' {{IPA|/ɒnˈsɒmbəl/}}, etc.{{efn|{{harvp|Jones|2011}}.}}}}

|-

| {{big|{{IPA|ɜː}}}}