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==Uses in economics==
The concept was first introduced into economics as "centre-periphery" by [[Raúl Prebisch]] in the 1950s, but the origin of the idea could ultimately be traced back to [[Johann Heinrich von Thünen|Thünen]]'s ''Isolated State'' (1826).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rama |first1=J. |last2=Hall |first2=J. |year=2021 |title=Raúl Prebisch and the evolving uses of ‘centre-periphery’in economic analysis |journal=Review of Evolutionary Political Economy |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=315-332}}</ref> However, the qualitative notion that [[social networks]] can have a core–periphery structure has a long history in disciplines such as [[sociology]], [[international relations]] (Nemeth & Smith, 1985), and [[economics]] (Snyder & Kick, 1979). Observed trade flows and diplomatic ties among countries fit this structure. [[Paul Krugman]] (1991) suggests that when transportation costs are low enough manufacturers concentrate in a single region known as the core and other regions (the periphery) limit themselves to the supply of agricultural goods.
The "centre-periphery" model was classically developed by [[John Friedmann]] in 1966 in his book ''Regional Development Policy: A Case Study of Venezuela''.<ref>{{ISBN|978-0262060134}}</ref>
For regional relations and variations in Russia Professor [[Natalia Zubarevich]] proposed an extension of the centre-periphery model and is known as the author of the "theory of four Russias".<ref>https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/social/64e30dd89a7947b8f0158fe1</ref> According to Zubarevich, the different speed of [[social modernisation]] is more accurately explained by the centre-periphery model. The entire population of the country can be divided into three roughly equal parts - about a third of citizens in each. The [[underdeveloped]] republics, where 6% of the country's population lives - this "fourth" Russia has its own specific features.<ref>https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/2013/09/24/chetyre-rossii-chto-dalshe</ref><ref>https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/articles/2011/12/30/chetyre_rossii</ref><ref>https://www.vedomosti.ru/authors/natalya-zubarevich</ref> According to the concept, "First Russia" is the [[List of cities with over one million inhabitants|cities with millions of inhabitants]], i.e. the most modernised and economically developed territories. "Second Russia" are medium-sized cities with a pronounced industrial profile. "Third Russia" - small towns, workers' settlements, rural areas. Compared to "first" and "second Russia" - this is a deep periphery in terms of the quality of socio-economic life. The "fourth Russia" is made up of the national republics of the Caucasus, as well as the south of Siberia (Tuva, the Altai Republic). These territories also represent a periphery, but a specific one: the [[demographic transition]] has not been completed here, [[urbanisation]] is in its infancy, and [[patriarchal]]-[[clan]] principles are still strong in society.<ref>https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/social/64e30dd89a7947b8f0158fe1</ref> Monoprofile towns ([[monotown]]s) are the most unstable part of the "second Russia".<ref>https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/articles/2011/12/30/chetyre_rossii</ref>
==See also==
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