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Browsers are used on a range of devices, including [[desktop computer|desktops]], [[laptop]]s, [[tablet computer|tablets]], [[smartphone]]s, [[smartwatch]]es and [[Video game console|consoles]]. As of 2024, the most used browsers worldwide are [[Google Chrome]] (~66% [[market share]]), [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]] (~16%), [[Microsoft Edge|Edge]] (~6%), [[Firefox]] (~3%), [[Samsung Internet]] (~2%), and [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]] (~2%).<ref name="statcounter">{{cite web |title=Browser Market Share Worldwide |url=https://gs.statcounter.com/browser-market-share |access-date=21 March 2025 |publisher=[[StatCounter]]}}</ref><ref name="cloudflare">{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Browser Market Share Report for 2024 Q1|website=cloudflare.com|publisher=Cloudflare, Inc.|date=May 3, 2024|url=https://radar.cloudflare.com/reports/browser-market-share-2024-q1|access-date=March 22, 2025}}</ref> As of 2023, an estimated 5.4 billion people had used a browser.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Internet Users Statistics and 2023 World Population Stats|url=https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523140912/https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm|access-date=21 March 2025 |website=www.internetworldstats.com|archive-date=23 May 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Function==▼
[[File:Web browser demo.webm|thumb|Navigating to [[English Wikipedia]] using a web browser ([[Firefox]])]]▼
The purpose of a web browser is to fetch content and display it on the user's device.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reference.com/humanities-culture/purpose-browser-e61874e41999ede|title=What Is the Purpose of a Web Browser?|date=4 August 2015}}</ref> This process begins when the user inputs a [[Uniform Resource Locator]] (URL), such as ''<code><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/</nowiki></code>'', into the browser's [[address bar]]. Virtually all URLs on [[World Wide Web|the Web]] start with either ''<code>http:</code>'' or ''<code>https:</code>'' which means they are retrieved with the [[HTTP|Hypertext Transfer Protocol]] (HTTP). For [[HTTPS|secure mode]] (HTTPS), the connection between the browser and [[web server]] is [[encryption|encrypted]], providing a [[communications security|secure]] and [[information privacy|private]] data transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/HTTP-Hypertext-Transfer-Protocol|title=What is HTTP and how does it work? Hypertext Transfer Protocol Definition|website=WhatIs.com}}</ref> For this reason, a web browser is often referred to as an HTTP client<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steelman |first=Liz |date=2024-07-28 |title=What Is a Web Browser? Web Browser Definition |url=https://www.wix.com/encyclopedia/definition/web-browser |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=wix-encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HTTP |url=https://paws.wcu.edu/holliday/cware/Web/HTTP.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=paws.wcu.edu}}</ref> or a [[user agent]]. Requisite materials, including text, [[Style sheet (web development)|style sheets]], [[images]], and other types of [[Website#Multimedia_and_interactive_content|multimedia]], are [[downloaded]] from the server. Once the materials have been downloaded, the web browser's [[Browser engine|engine]] (also known as a layout engine or rendering engine) is responsible for converting those resources into an interactive visual representation of the page on the user's device.<ref name=behindscene>{{cite web|url=http://taligarsiel.com/Projects/howbrowserswork1.htm|title=Behind the scenes of modern web browsers|publisher=Tali Garsiel|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> Modern web browsers also contain separate [[JavaScript engine|JavaScript engines]] which enable more complex interactive applications inside the browser.<ref name="howBlinkWorks">{{cite web |title=How Blink Works |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aitSOucL0VHZa9Z2vbRJSyAIsAz24kX8LFByQ5xQnUg |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> A web browser that does not render a [[graphical user interface]] is known as a [[headless browser]].▼
Web pages usually contain [[hyperlink]]s to other pages and resources. Each link contains a URL, and when it is [[point and click|clicked]] or [[touchscreen|tapped]], the browser navigates to the new resource. Most browsers use an internal [[web cache|cache]] of web page resources to improve loading times for subsequent visits to the same page. The cache can store many items, such as large images, so they do not need to be downloaded from the server again. Cached items are usually only stored for as long as the web server stipulates in its HTTP response messages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nguyen |first1=Hoai Viet |last2=Lo Iacono |first2=Luigi |last3=Federrath |first3=Hannes |chapter=Systematic Analysis of Web Browser Caches |date=2018-10-03 |title=Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Web Studies |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3240431.3240443 |series=WS.2 2018 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=64–71 |doi=10.1145/3240431.3240443 |isbn=978-1-4503-6438-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Vikas |last2=Laperdrix |first2=Pierre |last3=Rudametkin |first3=Walter |last4=Rouvoy |first4=Romain |date=2021-04-01 |title=Déjà vu: Abusing Browser Cache Headers to Identify and Track Online Users |url=https://petsymposium.org/popets/2021/popets-2021-0033.php |journal=Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies |language=en |volume=2021 |issue=2 |pages=391–406 |doi=10.2478/popets-2021-0033 |issn=2299-0984|hdl=20.500.12210/57495 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>▼
A web browser is not the same thing as a [[search engine]], though the two are often confused.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4MwTvtyrUQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/o4MwTvtyrUQ| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=What is a Browser? |date=30 April 2009 |publisher=Google (on YouTube) |quote=Less than 8% of people who were interviewed on this day knew what a browser was.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.mozilla.org/en/internet-culture/mozilla-explains/internet-search-engine-browser/ |title=What is the difference between the internet, browsers, search engines and websites? |date=17 June 2021|publisher=Mozilla |quote=Let’s start by breaking down the differences between the internet, browsers, search engine, and websites. Lots of us get these four things confused with each other.}}</ref> A search engine is a website that provides [[hyperlink|links]] to other websites and allows users to search for specific resources using a textual [[Web query|query]]. However, web browsers are often used to access search engines, and most modern browsers allow users to access a default search engine directly by typing a query into the address bar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manasa |first=D. |date=19 July 2011 |title=Difference Between Search Engine and Browser |url=https://www.differencebetween.net/technology/internet/difference-between-search-engine-and-browser/ |website=differencebetween.net}}</ref>▼
==History==
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As an extension of these facilities for creating web-based applications, web browsers started adding support for [[progressive web applications]] (PWAs) in 2016. The term progressive web application was coined by Google engineer Alex Russell in 2015.<ref name="infrequently.org">{{cite web|last1=Russell|first1=Alex|title=Progressive Web Apps: Escaping Tabs Without Losing Our Soul|url=https://infrequently.org/2015/06/progressive-apps-escaping-tabs-without-losing-our-soul/|access-date=June 15, 2015|ref=4}}</ref> PWAs have become a popular form of application that take advantage of modern web browser features but that can be installed and launched like a [[Native_(computing)#Applications|native]] application, can be used when the user's device is offline, and can be accessed without the user needing to enter the application's URL. PWAs offer automatic multi-platform support and smaller install sizes than native applications. The [[Apple]] [[iPhone]] added support for installable PWAs in 2018, and most major browsers support PWAs on desktop and mobile.<ref>{{cite web |website=web.dev |title=Progressive Web Apps|url=https://web.dev/learn/pwa/progressive-web-apps/ |access-date=23 March 2025|ref=3}}</ref>
▲==Function==
▲[[File:Web browser demo.webm|thumb|Navigating to [[English Wikipedia]] using a web browser ([[Firefox]])]]
▲The purpose of a web browser is to fetch content and display it on the user's device.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reference.com/humanities-culture/purpose-browser-e61874e41999ede|title=What Is the Purpose of a Web Browser?|date=4 August 2015}}</ref> This process begins when the user inputs a [[Uniform Resource Locator]] (URL), such as ''<code><nowiki>https://en.wikipedia.org/</nowiki></code>'', into the browser's [[address bar]]. Virtually all URLs on [[World Wide Web|the Web]] start with either ''<code>http:</code>'' or ''<code>https:</code>'' which means they are retrieved with the [[HTTP|Hypertext Transfer Protocol]] (HTTP). For [[HTTPS|secure mode]] (HTTPS), the connection between the browser and [[web server]] is [[encryption|encrypted]], providing a [[communications security|secure]] and [[information privacy|private]] data transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/HTTP-Hypertext-Transfer-Protocol|title=What is HTTP and how does it work? Hypertext Transfer Protocol Definition|website=WhatIs.com}}</ref> For this reason, a web browser is often referred to as an HTTP client<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steelman |first=Liz |date=2024-07-28 |title=What Is a Web Browser? Web Browser Definition |url=https://www.wix.com/encyclopedia/definition/web-browser |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=wix-encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HTTP |url=https://paws.wcu.edu/holliday/cware/Web/HTTP.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=paws.wcu.edu}}</ref> or a [[user agent]]. Requisite materials, including text, [[Style sheet (web development)|style sheets]], [[images]], and other types of [[Website#Multimedia_and_interactive_content|multimedia]], are [[downloaded]] from the server. Once the materials have been downloaded, the web browser's [[Browser engine|engine]] (also known as a layout engine or rendering engine) is responsible for converting those resources into an interactive visual representation of the page on the user's device.<ref name=behindscene>{{cite web|url=http://taligarsiel.com/Projects/howbrowserswork1.htm|title=Behind the scenes of modern web browsers|publisher=Tali Garsiel|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> Modern web browsers also contain separate [[JavaScript engine|JavaScript engines]] which enable more complex interactive applications inside the browser.<ref name="howBlinkWorks">{{cite web |title=How Blink Works |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aitSOucL0VHZa9Z2vbRJSyAIsAz24kX8LFByQ5xQnUg |access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> A web browser that does not render a [[graphical user interface]] is known as a [[headless browser]].
▲Web pages usually contain [[hyperlink]]s to other pages and resources. Each link contains a URL, and when it is [[point and click|clicked]] or [[touchscreen|tapped]], the browser navigates to the new resource. Most browsers use an internal [[web cache|cache]] of web page resources to improve loading times for subsequent visits to the same page. The cache can store many items, such as large images, so they do not need to be downloaded from the server again. Cached items are usually only stored for as long as the web server stipulates in its HTTP response messages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nguyen |first1=Hoai Viet |last2=Lo Iacono |first2=Luigi |last3=Federrath |first3=Hannes |chapter=Systematic Analysis of Web Browser Caches |date=2018-10-03 |title=Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Web Studies |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3240431.3240443 |series=WS.2 2018 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=64–71 |doi=10.1145/3240431.3240443 |isbn=978-1-4503-6438-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mishra |first1=Vikas |last2=Laperdrix |first2=Pierre |last3=Rudametkin |first3=Walter |last4=Rouvoy |first4=Romain |date=2021-04-01 |title=Déjà vu: Abusing Browser Cache Headers to Identify and Track Online Users |url=https://petsymposium.org/popets/2021/popets-2021-0033.php |journal=Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies |language=en |volume=2021 |issue=2 |pages=391–406 |doi=10.2478/popets-2021-0033 |issn=2299-0984|hdl=20.500.12210/57495 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
▲A web browser is not the same thing as a [[search engine]], though the two are often confused.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o4MwTvtyrUQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/o4MwTvtyrUQ| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=What is a Browser? |date=30 April 2009 |publisher=Google (on YouTube) |quote=Less than 8% of people who were interviewed on this day knew what a browser was.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.mozilla.org/en/internet-culture/mozilla-explains/internet-search-engine-browser/ |title=What is the difference between the internet, browsers, search engines and websites? |date=17 June 2021|publisher=Mozilla |quote=Let’s start by breaking down the differences between the internet, browsers, search engine, and websites. Lots of us get these four things confused with each other.}}</ref> A search engine is a website that provides [[hyperlink|links]] to other websites and allows users to search for specific resources using a textual [[Web query|query]]. However, web browsers are often used to access search engines, and most modern browsers allow users to access a default search engine directly by typing a query into the address bar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manasa |first=D. |date=19 July 2011 |title=Difference Between Search Engine and Browser |url=https://www.differencebetween.net/technology/internet/difference-between-search-engine-and-browser/ |website=differencebetween.net}}</ref>
==Features==
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