Conditional access: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 01:01, 14 April 2025

Revision as of 01:06, 14 April 2025

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The contents of ECMs and EMMs are not standardized and as such they depend on the conditional access system being used.<ref>[https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1852-1-201701-I!!PDF-E.pdf Conditional-access systems for digital broadcasting 2016-10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301233307/https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bt/R-REC-BT.1852-1-201701-I!!PDF-E.pdf|date=2023-03-01}}</ref>

The control word can be transmitted through different ECMs at once. This allows the use of several conditional access systems at the same time, a DVB feature called ''simulcrypt'', which saves bandwidth and encourages multiplex operators to cooperate. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130116162443/http://www.dvb.org/technology/standards/index.xml#conditional DVB Simulcrypt] is widespread in Europe; some channels, like the [[CNN International]] Europe from the [[Hot Bird]] satellites, can use 7seven different CA systems in parallel.

The decryption cards are read, and sometimes updated with specific access rights, either through a [[conditional-access module]] (CAM), a [[PC card]]-format card reader meeting DVB-CI standards, or through a built-in [[ISO/IEC 7816]] card reader, such as that in the [[Digibox (Sky Digital)|Sky Digibox]].

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=== Conditional access in North America ===

In [[Canada]] and [[the United States]], the standard for conditional access is provided with [[CableCARD]]s whose specification was developed by the cable company consortium [[CableLabs]].

Cable companies in the United States are required by the [[Federal Communications Commission]] to support CableCARDs. Standards exist for two-way communication (M-card), but [[satellite television]] has separate standards. Next-generation approaches in the United States eschew such physical cards and employ schemes using downloadable software for conditional access such as [[Downloadable Conditional Access System|DCAS]].

The main appeal of such approaches is that the [[access control]] may be upgraded dynamically in response to security breaches without requiring expensive exchanges of physical [[conditional-access module]]s. Another appeal is that it may be inexpensively incorporated into non-traditional media display devices such as [[portable media player]]smodules.

=== Conditional access systems ===

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| Compromised || [[DVB-S2]] compatible, used for retail BUD dish service and for commercial operations as source programming for cable operators.

Despite the Programming Center shutshutting down its consumer usage of DigiCipher 2 (as 4DTV) on August 24, 2016, it is still being used for cable headends across the United States, as well as on Shaw Direct in Canada.

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| 0x4A70 || DreamCrypt || Dream Multimedia || 2004