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==Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI layering==
The three top layers in the OSI model, i.e. the application layer, the presentation layer and the session layer, are not distinguished separately in the TCP/IP model which only has an application layer above the transport layer. While some pure OSI protocol applications, such as [[X.400]], also combined them, there is no requirement that a TCP/IP protocol stack must impose monolithic architecture above the transport layer. For example, the NFS application protocol runs over the [[External Data Representation]] (XDR) presentation protocol, which, in turn, runs over a protocol called [[Remote Procedure Call]] (RPC). RPC provides reliable record transmission, so it can safely use the best-effort UDP transport.
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