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India sent two flight surgeons to Russia and France to get hands-on experience in space medicines. The flights surgeons are doctors from the Indian Air Force, specializing in aerospace medicine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Jan 10, 2021 |title=Two Indian flight surgeons to visit Russia for space medicine training |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/two-indian-flight-surgeons-to-visit-russia-for-space-medicine-training-121011000468_1.html |access-date=Aug 14, 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>
[[Gaganyaan]] and the Indian Human Spaceflight Programmeprogramme are coming up, hence ISRO Chairman [[S. Somanath]] encouraged the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS) to come up with solutions for spaceflight astronauts' psychological health.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-03 |title=NIMHANS should provide solutions for psychological well-being of astronauts in space: ISRO Chairman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nimhans-should-provide-solutions-for-psychological-well-being-of-astronauts-in-space-isro-chairman/article68714424.ece |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
=== Humanoid robots ===
== Experiments and objectives ==
On 7 November 7, 2018, ISRO released an Announcement of Opportunity seeking proposals from the Indian science community for microgravity experiments that could be carried out during the first two robotic flights of ''[[Gaganyaan]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Low Earth Orbit based Microgravity Experiments - ISRO|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-low-earth-orbit-based-microgravity-experiments|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20181121212659/http://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/microgravity_experiments_ao.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2018|access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Human Mission: ISRO looking at pool of 10 experiments in space|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/human-mission-isro-looking-at-pool-of-10-experiments-in-space/articleshow/66582995.cms}}</ref> The scope of the experiments is not restricted, and other relevant ideas will be entertained. The proposed orbit for microgravity platform is expected to be in an Earth-bound orbit at approximately 400 km altitude. All the proposed internal and external experimental payloads will undergo thermal, vacuum and radiation tests under required temperature and pressure conditions. To carry out [[microgravity|micro-gravity]] experiments for long duration, a satellite may be placed in orbit. Astronauts will perform four biological and two physical science experiments related to [[Micro-g environment|micro-gravity]] during the mission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/173/AU2259.pdf|title=Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question number 2259|date=4 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305122402/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/173/AU2259.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref>
==Space station==
{{main|Bharatiya Antariksha Station}}
India plans to deploy a 20-tonne [[space station]] named Bharatiya Antariksha Station,<ref name="pib.gov.in"/> as a follow-up programme to the [[Gaganyaan]] missions. On 13 June 13, 2019, [[ISRO]] Chief [[K. Sivan]] announced the plan, saying that India's space station will be deployed 5–7 years after the completion of the ''Gaganyaan'' programme. He also said that India will not join the [[International Space Station program]]. The space station would be capable of harbouring a crew for 15–20 days at a time. It is expected to be placed in a [[low Earth orbit]] of 400 km altitude and be capable of harbouring three humans. Final approval is expected to be given to the programme by the Indian government only after the completion of the [[Gaganyaan]] missions.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-space-station-isro/articleshow/69775360.cms| title=India's own space station to come up in 5–7 years: Isro chief | first=Surendra|last=Singh |date=13 June 2019| website=The Times of India| language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = India's space station likel to have space for three|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-space-station-likely-to-have-space-for-three/articleshow/71828669.cms|date = 31 October 2019|access-date = 31 October 2019|newspaper =[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-space-station-likely-to-have-space-for-three/articleshow/71828669.cms|title=India's space station likely to have space for three|date=31 October 2019|access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-to-have-a-separate-space-station-isro/article27898707.ece|title=India to have its own space station: ISRO|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2019-06-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|quote=Giving out broad contours of the planned space station, Dr. Sivan said it has been envisaged to weigh 20 tonnes and will be placed in an orbit of 400 km above earth where astronauts can stay for 15–20 days. The time frame is 5–7 years after Gaganyaan, he stated.}}</ref>
[[Indian Space Research Organisation|ISRO]] is working to develop [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|spacecraft docking and berthing]] technology, with initial funding of ₹10 [[crore]] cleared in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-project-that-can-aid-refuel-repair-of-satellites-in-space-gets-push/articleshow/58467493.cms |title=ISRO: Isro project that can aid refuel, repair of satellites in space gets push |last=Kumar| first=Chethan|date=2 May 2017| website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> A Space Docking Experiment, or [[SPADEX]], is being worked out by ISRO with systems like signal analysis equipment, high-precision videometer for navigation, docking system electronics and real-time decision making for landing systems being developed in various stages. As part of [[SPADEX]], ISRO will launch 2 small satellites for testing. This technology is crucial for a space station as it will enable the transfer of humans from one vehicle or spacecraft to another.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-has-been-quietly-working-on-key-technology-to-enable-space-station/articleshow/69775029.cms| title=ISRO Latest news: India has been quietly working on key technology to enable space station | last=Kumar| first=Chethan| date=13 June 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref>
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