Thagomizer: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 05:41, 29 April 2025

Revision as of 02:19, 1 May 2025

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{{short description|SpikedSpike structurearrangement on thestegosaur tails of dinosaurs of the family Stegosauria}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[File:Thagomizer 01.jpg|thumb|Thagomizer on a mounted ''Stegosaurus'' tail]]

A '''thagomizer''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|θ|æ|ɡ|ə|m|aɪ|z|ər}}) is the distinctive arrangement of four spikes on the tails of [[Stegosauria|stegosaurian]] dinosaurs. These spikes are believed to have been a defensive measure against predators.<ref>Holtz, T. R., (2000) "Classification and Evolution of the Dinosaur Groups" (pp. 140–168) in ''The Scientific American Book of Dinosaurs'', edited by [[Gregory S. Paul]], New York: St Martin's Press {{ISBN|0-312-26226-4}}.</ref><ref name="Carpenter Sanders">Carpenter, K., Sanders, F., McWhinney, L., and Wood, L. 2005. Evidence for predator-prey relationships: Example for ''Allosaurus'' and ''Stegosaurus''. Pp. 325-350 in Carpenter, K. (ed.) The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.</ref>

The arrangement of spikes originally had no distinct name. Cartoonist [[Gary Larson]] invented the name "thagomizer" in 1982 as a joke in his comic strip ''[[The Far Side]]'', and it was gradually adopted as an informal term sometimes used within scientific circles, research, and education.

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== Paleobiology ==

[[File:Yingshanosaurus UDLThagomizer.pngtif|thumb|left|ReconstructionThe best evidence for the defensive use of athe thagomizer is an ''Allosaurus'' tail [[Yingshanosaurusvertebra]] showingwith thea spikeshole ofperfectly itsmatching a thagomizer atspike.<ref thename="Carpenter end of the tailSanders"/>]]

There has been debate about whether the thagomizer was used simply for display, as posited by Gilmore in 1914,<ref name="gilmore14">{{cite journal|author=Gilmore, C. W.|year=1914|title=Osteology of the armored Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genus ''Stegosaurus''|url=https://archive.org/details/osteologyofarmor00gilm|journal=Series: Smithsonian Institution. United States National Museum. Bulletin 89|publisher=Government Printing Office, Washington|issue=89}}</ref> or used as a defensive weapon. [[Robert T. Bakker|Robert Bakker]] noted that it is likely that the stegosaur tail was much more flexible than those of other [[ornithischia]]n dinosaurs because it lacked ossified tendons, thus lending credence to the idea of the thagomizer being a weapon. He also observed that ''[[Stegosaurus]]'' could have maneuvered its rear easily by keeping its large hindlimbs stationary and pushing off with its very powerfully muscled but short forelimbs, allowing it to swivel deftly to deal with attack.<ref name="bakker86">{{cite book|author=Bakker, R. T.|url=https://archive.org/details/dinosaurheresies0000bakk|title=The Dinosaur Heresies|publisher=William Morrow|year=1986|___location=New York| isbn=9780688042875 |url-access=registration}}{{ISBN?}}{{page needed|date=June 2020}}</ref> In 2010, analysis of a digitized model of ''[[Kentrosaurus|Kentrosaurus aethiopicus]]'' showed that the tail could bring the thagomizer around to the sides of the dinosaur, possibly striking an attacker beside it.<ref name="NaishDK">{{cite web|author=Naish, Darren|year=2010|title=Heinrich's digital Kentrosaurus: the SJG stegosaur special, part II|url=http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2011/01/heinrichs_digital_kentrosaurus.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109004732/http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2011/01/heinrichs_digital_kentrosaurus.php|archive-date=January 9, 2011|access-date=January 19, 2011|work=Tetrapod Zoology}}</ref>

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There is also evidence for ''Stegosaurus'' defending itself, in the form of an ''[[Allosaurus]]'' tail vertebra with a partially healed puncture wound that fits a ''Stegosaurus'' tail spike.<ref name="CSMW2005">{{cite book|last=Carpenter|first=Kenneth|url=https://archive.org/details/carnivorousdinos00carp|title=The Carnivorous Dinosaurs|author2=Sanders, Frank|author3=McWhinney, Lorrie A.|author4=Wood, Lowell|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-253-34539-4|editor=Carpenter, Kenneth|___location=Bloomington and Indianapolis|page=[https://archive.org/details/carnivorousdinos00carp/page/n330 325]|chapter=Evidence for predator-prey relationships: Examples for ''Allosaurus'' and ''Stegosaurus''|url-access=limited|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The species of stegosaur known as ''Stegosaurus stenops'' had four dermal spikes, each about {{cvt|60|-|90|cm|ft|0}} long. Discoveries of articulated stegosaur armor show that, at least in some species, these spikes protruded horizontally from the tail, not vertically as is often depicted.<ref name=Carpenter98>{{cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Kenneth |year=1998 |journal=Modern Geology |title=Armor of ''Stegosaurus stenops'', and the taphonomic history of a new specimen from Garden Park, Colorado |volume=23 |pages=127–44}}</ref> Initially, [[Othniel Charles Marsh]] described ''S. armatus'' as having eight spikes in its tail, unlike ''S. stenops''. However, recent research re-examined this and concluded this species also had four.<ref name="Marsh77">{{cite journal|last1=Marsh|first1=O. C|year=1877|title=A new order of extinct Reptilia (Stegosauria) from the Jurassic of the Rocky Mountains|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1450038|journal=American Journal of Science|volume=14|issue=84|pages=513–14|bibcode=1877AmJS...14..513M|doi=10.2475/ajs.s3-14.84.513|s2cid=130078453}}</ref><ref name="8spike">{{cite book|last1=Carpenter |first1=K. |last2=Galton |first2=P. M.|title=The Armored Dinosaurs|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-253-33964-5|editor=Carpenter, Kenneth|pages=76–102|chapter=Othniel Charles Marsh and the Eight-Spiked ''Stegosaurus''}}</ref>

==Mathematics Other uses ==

=== Mathematics ===

[[File:Thagomizer-graph.svg|thumb|The thagomizer graph {{math|''K''_1,1,''n''}} is [[Multipartite graph|tripartite]]]]

In a 2017 paper, the term [[thagomizer graph]] (and also the associated "thagomizer [[matroid]]") was introduced for the [[Multipartite graph|complete tripartite graph]] {{math|''K''_1,1,''n''}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gedeon|first1=Katie|last2=Proudfoot|first2=Nicholas|last3=Young|first3=Benjamin|date=2017|title=Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials of matroids: a survey of results and conjectures|url=https://www.emis.de/journals/SLC/wpapers/FPSAC2017/80%20Gedeon%20Proudfoot%20Young.pdf|journal=Séminaire Lotharingien de Combinatoire|volume=78B|page=80|arxiv=1611.07474}}</ref>

=== Molecular biology ===

In 2023, researchers at the University of California, San Francisco presented ''Thagomizer'', a modality for the interrogation of RNA-protein binding events in [[Cross-linking immunoprecipitation|CLIP-Seq]] (Cross-linking and immunoprecipitation) data.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Wandi S. |last2=Litterman |first2=Adam J. |last3=Sekhon |first3=Harshaan S. |last4=Kageyama |first4=Robin |last5=Arce |first5=Maya M. |last6=Taylor |first6=Kimberly E. |last7=Zhao |first7=Wenxue |last8=Criswell |first8=Lindsey A. |last9=Zaitlen |first9=Noah |last10=Erle |first10=David J. |last11=Ansel |first11=K. Mark |date=2023-12-07 |title=GCLiPP: global crosslinking and protein purification method for constructing high-resolution occupancy maps for RNA binding proteins |journal=Genome Biology |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=281 |doi=10.1186/s13059-023-03125-2 |doi-access=free |issn=1474-760X |pmc=10701951 |pmid=38062486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thagomizer |url=https://thagomizer.ucsf.edu/ |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=thagomizer.ucsf.edu}}</ref>

==See also==

{{Portal|Dinosaurs}}

*''[[Strigiphilus garylarsoni]]''

*[[Tail club]]

*[[Timeline of stegosaur research]]