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{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], [[Sultanate of Cirebon|Cirebon]], and [[Banten Sultanate|Banten]] were ascendant. The [[Mataram Sultanate]] became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century. [[File:Page001 img001.png|thumb|"The Champion" (Sang Agul-agul). Sketch of a Javanese soldier leader by Swiss painter J. Scheiss (1799-1844), from J.J.X. Pfyffer's 1829 "Sketches from Java," Plate VI. Photo: Leiden Univ. Library. Sources and related content]]
===Colonial periods===
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