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== Consonants ==
There are 43 Tai Tham consonants. They are divided into three groups: categorized consonants ({{Script|Lana|ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᨶᩲᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼}}, ''payanjana nai wak''), non-categorized consonants ({{Script|Lana|ᨻ᩠ᨿᩢᨬ᩠ᨩᨶᩋᩅᩢᨣ᩠ᨣ᩼}}, {{
=== Consonant chart ===
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; Notes
{{notelist}}
=== Consonant digraph with ''Ha'' ===
Certain consonants in the low-class group lack their high-class counterpart. These consonants are sometimes called the ''single low-class consonants''. Their high-class counterparts are created by the combination with letter ''high Ha'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩉ}}) as a digraph, called ''Ha Nam'' ({{Script|Lana|ᩉ ᨶᩣᩴ}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bunkhit Watcharasāt |title=Phāsā Mư̄ang Lānnā |publisher=Thārāthō̜ng Kānphim |year=2005 |isbn=978-974-85472-0-6 |___location=Chīang Mai |pages=20 |language=th}}</ref>
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; Notes
{{notelist}}
=== Consonant cluster ===
Tai Tham has three medial letters to form a consonant cluster: medial ''La'' (◌ᩖ a.k.a ''La Noi''), medial ''Ra'' (ᩕ a.k.a ''Rawong''), and medial ''Wa''. Consonant cluster with medial ''Wa'' is the only true consonant cluster where both consonants are pronounced as one phoneme. Consonant cluster with Medial ''La'' and Medial ''Ra'' are considered a false consonant cluster as they do not produce the same effect. They are the remnant of the [[Southwestern Tai languages|Proto-Southwestern Tai]] initial consonant clusters that existed during the early development of Tai Tham before the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tangsiriwattanakul |first=Shinnakrit |date=4 Oct 2024 |year=2024 |orig-date=27 Feb 2024 |title=From Proto-Southwestern Tai to Modern Lanna Tai: Implications From the 16th-Century Phonology |url=http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/articles/from-proto-southwestern-tai-to-modern-lanna-tai-implications-from-the-16th-century-phonology/ |journal=Manusya: Journal of Humanities |volume=26 |doi=10.1163/26659077-26010011|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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|-
| style="font-size: 150%" |ᨹᩕ
|''pha<ref name="bailan32">{{
|{{IPA|[pʰǎ]}}
|ph
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|-
| rowspan="2" style="font-size: 150%" |ᨧᩕ
|''jala<ref>{{
|{{IPA|[t͡ɕa.lǎ]}}
|chl, jl
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|-
| style="font-size: 150%" |ᨩᩕ
|''ja<ref name=":bailan12">{{
|{{IPA|[t͡ɕa]}}
|ch, j
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|-
| style="font-size: 150%" |ᨪᩕ
|''sala<ref name="bailan22">{{
|{{IPA|[sa᷇.la᷇]}}
|sl
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|style="text-align:left;"|Subjoined form of letter {{Script|Lana|ᩁ}} (''ra'') for a consonant cluster such as {{Script|Lana|ᨷᩕ}} (''pra'') {{Script|Lana|ᨻᩕ}} (''pra'') as opposed to the subjoined form {{Script|Lana|-᩠ᩁ}} used as a final consonant. Traditionally considered as a special letter.
|}
{{Notelist}}
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== Vowels ==
Vowel characters come in two forms: as stand-alone letters for writing initial vowels or as diacritics that can be attached to all sides of the consonant letters. However, Lanna excels in terms of the number of diacritics used. Some vowel sounds can be written with a combination of as many as four diacritics: one on each side of the consonant.<ref name="everson">{{cite web|title=Lanna Unicode: A Proposal|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3207.pdf|last1=Everson|first1=Michael|last2=Hosken|first2=Martin|last3=Constable|first3=Peter|date=March 21, 2007|access-date=May 4, 2015}}</ref><ref name="burutphakdee">{{cite web|title=Khon Muang Neu Kap Phasa Muang: Attitudes of Northern Thai Youth towards Kammuang and the Lanna Script|url=http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf|last=Burutphakdee|first=Natnapang|publisher=SIL International|pages=32–61|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505040726/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Natnapang_Thesis.pdf|archive-date=May 5, 2015|date=October 2004}}</ref>
=== Independent vowels ===
Independent vowels are mainly reserved for writing [[Pali]] words, except for {{Script|Lana|ᩐᩣ}} /ʔau/ which is used as a special vowel sign and not for Pali words.<ref name=":indyvowels0">{{Cite book |last=Watcharasastr |first=Boonkid |title=แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา ᨷᩯ᩠ᨷᩁ᩠ᨿᩁᨽᩣᩇᩣᨾᩮᩬᩨᨦᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ |publisher=Thara Thong Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=9748547205 |___location=Chiang Mai |pages=24 |language=th}}</ref>
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|-
|/aj/
|<big>{{Script|Lana|ᨠᩱ}}, {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩲ}}, {{Script|Lana|ᨠᩱ᩠ᨿ}},{{efn|name=maikia-maikai}}
| -
|/aːj/
| |||