Non-binary: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 07:52, 18 May 2025

Revision as of 05:15, 19 May 2025

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Legal recognition of non-binary gender identities in the United States has varied significantly across time and jurisdictions. In June 2016, a court in Oregon issued the first known ruling in the U.S. recognizing a non-binary gender.<ref name="ohara2016">{{Cite web |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |date=June 10, 2016 |title='Nonbinary' is now a legal gender, Oregon court rules |url=http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/oregon-court-rules-non-binary-gender-legal |access-date=June 10, 2016 |website=[[The Daily Dot]]}}</ref> In subsequent years, several states, beginning with California in 2017, enacted legislation or adopted policies allowing residents to select a non-binary or “X” gender marker on official documents such as driver's licenses and birth certificates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Hara |first=Mary Emily |date=September 26, 2016 |title=Californian Becomes Second US Citizen Granted 'Non-Binary' Gender Status |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/californian-becomes-second-us-citizen-granted-non-binary-gender-status-n654611 |access-date=September 26, 2016 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> As of early 2025, [[ Legal recognition of non-binary gender|over 20 states and the District of Columbia]] continue to offer non-binary gender markers on some state-issued documents.

At the federal level, non-binary recognition advanced during the early 2020s. In 2021, the U.S. Department of State issued the first passport bearing an “X” gender marker,<ref name="Lambda Legal">{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2021 |title=Lambda Legal Client Dana Zzyym Receives First 'X' U.S. Passport |url=https://www.lambdalegal.org/blog/co_20211027_dana-zzyym-receives-first-us-passport-with-x-gender-marker |access-date=November 7, 2021 |website=Lambda Legal}}</ref>, and beginning in April 2022, this option became available to all applicants without medical documentation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=X Gender Marker Available on U.S. Passports Starting April 11 |url=https://www.state.gov/x-gender-marker-available-on-u-s-passports-starting-april-11/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Passports {{!}} National Center for Transgender Equality |url=https://transequality.org/know-your-rights/passports |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=transequality.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Selecting your Gender Marker |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/passports/need-passport/selecting-your-gender-marker.html |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=travel.state.gov}}</ref> However, this policy was reversed in January 2025 when President Donald Trump issued an executive order directing federal agencies to recognize only male and female categories.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luhby |first=Tami |date=20 January 2025 |title=Trump two-gender edict would upend 'X' identity on passports |language=en |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/01/20/politics/two-genders-us-passports-federal-government-trump/index.html |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Kathryn |last2=Linton |first2=Caroline |title=Trump executive order says federal government only recognizes "two sexes" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-executive-order-says-federal-government-only-recognizes-two-sexes/ |access-date=22 January 2025 |work=CBS News |date=January 21, 2025}}</ref> The U.S. Department of State subsequently suspended all new passport applications requesting an “X” marker,<ref name="guard-23jan2025">{{cite news |last1=Gedeon |first1=Joseph |title=Rubio instructs staff to freeze passport applications with 'X' sex markers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/23/trump-rubio-x-gender-passport |access-date=January 23, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 23, 2025}}</ref> though previously issued passports with an “X” designation remain valid until expiration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Passports with 'X' sex markers will be valid until they expire or are renewed, State Department says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/passports-x-sex-marker-guidance-valid-expire-state-department-rcna191539 |agency=NBC News}}</ref>

, though previously issued passports with an “X” designation remain valid until expiration.<ref>{{cite news |title=Passports with 'X' sex markers will be valid until they expire or are renewed, State Department says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-politics-and-policy/passports-x-sex-marker-guidance-valid-expire-state-department-rcna191539 |agency=NBC News}}</ref>

Legal protections for non-binary individuals under U.S. federal law remain limited. While [[Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964]] has been interpreted to prohibit employment discrimination based on gender nonconformity and transgender status, there are no explicit nationwide protections that specifically name non-binary individuals or ensure their rights across areas such as identification, healthcare, housing, or public services. As a result, access to recognition and protection continues to depend heavily on state and local laws and policies.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cecka |first1=Dale Margolin |author2-link=Martha Chamallas |last2=Chamallas |first2=Martha |date=2016 |chapter=Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989) |title=Feminist Judgments: Rewritten Opinions of the United States Supreme Court |pages=341–360 |doi=10.1017/cbo9781316411254.020 |isbn=978-1-107-12662-6 |quote=See ''[[Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins]]'', 490 U.S. 228, 250 (1989 (holding that an employer who punishes employees who fail to conform to stereotypical expectations of members of his or her sex discriminates on the basis of sex).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Adam |date=June 15, 2020 |title=Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/us/gay-transgender-workers-supreme-court.html |access-date=March 7, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617162445/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/15/us/gay-transgender-workers-supreme-court.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

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=== Argentina ===

According to provisional results from Argentina’s 2022 national census, 8,293 people (about 0.018% of the total population) identified as non-binary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census data in Argentina officially include non-binary people for the first time|publisher=NewsEndIP|date=February 1, 2023|url=https://www.newsendip.com/census-data-in-argentina-for-the-first-time-officially-reports-non-binary-people-in-the-country/|access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>.

=== Brazil ===

A 2021 representative survey estimated that about 1.19% of Brazilian adults identify as non-binary.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Proportion of people identified as transgender and non-binary gender in Brazil|last1=Spizzirri|first1=Giancarlo|last2=Eufrásio|first2=Raí|last3=Pereira Lima|first3=Maria Cristina|last4=de Carvalho Nunes|first4=Hélio Rubens|last5=Kreukels|first5=Baudewijntje P.C.|last6=Steensma|first6=Thomas D.|last7=Abdo|first7=Carmita H.N.|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=11|year=2021|pages=2240|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-81411-4|pmid=33500432 }}</ref>. This corresponds to roughly 1.9 million adults at the time of the survey.

=== Canada ===

Statistics Canada reported that in the 2021 Census, 41,355 Canadians aged 15 or older (about 0.14% of that age group) identified as non-binary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada is the first country to provide census data on transgender and non-binary people|publisher=Statistics Canada|date=April 27, 2022|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/220427/dq220427b-eng.htm|access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>.

=== Switzerland ===

A nationwide survey conducted in late 2021 found that roughly 0.4% of Swiss adults described themselves as non-binary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Only 0.4% of Swiss residents describe themselves as non-binary|publisher=SWI swissinfo.ch|date=December 29, 2021|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/only-0-4-of-swiss-residents-describe-themselves-as-non-binary/47224644|access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>.

=== United Kingdom ===

According to the 2021 census (England and Wales), 30,000 people identified as non-binary, about 0.06% of the population.<ref>{{cite web|title=First census estimates on gender identity and sexual orientation|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=January 6, 2023|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/news/news/firstcensusestimatesongenderidentityandsexualorientation|access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>.

=== United States ===

Recent U.S. surveys suggest roughly 1–2% of American adults identify as non-binary. For example, a 2024 Gallup poll found between 1% and 2% of U.S. adults reported a non-binary gender identity.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M.|title=LGBTQ+ Identification in U.S. Rises to 9.3%|publisher=Gallup|date=February 20, 2025|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/656708/lgbtq-identification-rises.aspx|access-date=2025-05-17}}</ref>.

==See also==