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=== In epidemiology ===
Agent-based models now complement traditional [[Compartmental models in epidemiology|compartmental]] models, the usual type of epidemiological models. ABMs have been shown to be superior to compartmental models in regard to the accuracy of predictions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eisinger|first1=Dirk|last2=Thulke|first2=Hans-Hermann|date=2008-04-01|title=Spatial pattern formation facilitates eradication of infectious diseases|journal=The Journal of Applied Ecology|volume=45|issue=2|pages=415–423|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01439.x|issn=0021-8901|pmc=2326892|pmid=18784795|bibcode=2008JApEc..45..415E }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691190822/agent-based-and-individual-based-modeling|title=Agent-Based and Individual-Based Modeling|date=2019-03-26|isbn=978-0-691-19082-2|language=en|last1=Railsback|first1=Steven F.|last2=Grimm|first2=Volker|publisher=Princeton University Press |access-date=October 19, 2020|archive-date=October 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024163738/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691190822/agent-based-and-individual-based-modeling|url-status=live}}</ref> Recently, ABMs such as [[CovidSim]] by epidemiologist [[Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)|Neil Ferguson]], have been used to inform public health (nonpharmaceutical) interventions against the spread of [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adam|first=David|date=2020-04-02|title=Special report: The simulations driving the world's response to COVID-19|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=580|issue=7803|pages=316–318|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-01003-6|pmid=32242115|bibcode=2020Natur.580..316A|s2cid=214771531|doi-access=}}</ref> Epidemiological ABMs have been criticized for simplifying and unrealistic assumptions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sridhar|first1=Devi|last2=Majumder|first2=Maimuna S.|date=2020-04-21|title=Modelling the pandemic|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1567|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=369|pages=m1567|doi=10.1136/bmj.m1567|issn=1756-1833|pmid=32317328|s2cid=216074714|doi-access=free|access-date=October 19, 2020|archive-date=May 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516061544/https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1567|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Squazzoni|first1=Flaminio|last2=Polhill|first2=J. Gareth|last3=Edmonds|first3=Bruce|last4=Ahrweiler|first4=Petra|last5=Antosz|first5=Patrycja|last6=Scholz|first6=Geeske|last7=Chappin|first7=Émile|last8=Borit|first8=Melania|last9=Verhagen|first9=Harko|last10=Giardini|first10=Francesca|last11=Gilbert|first11=Nigel|date=2020|title=Computational Models That Matter During a Global Pandemic Outbreak: A Call to Action|url=http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/23/2/10.html|journal=Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation|volume=23|issue=2|pages=10|doi=10.18564/jasss.4298|s2cid=216426533|issn=1460-7425|doi-access=free|access-date=October 19, 2020|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224024334/http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/23/2/10.html|url-status=live|hdl=10037/19057|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Still, they can be useful in informing decisions regarding mitigation and suppression measures in cases when ABMs are accurately calibrated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maziarz|first1=Mariusz|last2=Zach|first2=Martin|date=2020|title=Agent-based modelling for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic prediction and intervention assessment: A methodological appraisal|url= |journal=Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice|language=en|volume=26|issue=5|pages=1352–1360|doi=10.1111/jep.13459|issn=1365-2753|pmc=7461315|pmid=32820573}}</ref> The ABMs for such simulations are mostly based on [[synthetic population]]s, since the data of the actual population is not always available.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Manout |first1=O. |last2=Ciari |first2=F. |title=Assessing the Role of Daily Activities and Mobility in the Spread of COVID-19 in Montreal With an Agent-Based Approach |journal=Frontiers in Built Environment |date=2021 |volume=7 |doi=10.3389/fbuil.2021.654279 |url=https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/pt/covidwho-1346397 |language=en|doi-access=free }}</ref>
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=== In water management ===
ABMs have also been applied in water resources planning and management, particularly for exploring, simulating, and predicting the performance of infrastructure design and policy decisions,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berglund|first=Emily Zechman|date=November 2015|title=Using Agent-Based Modeling for Water Resources Planning and Management|url=http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29WR.1943-5452.0000544|journal=Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management|language=en|volume=141|issue=11|pages=04015025|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000544|issn=0733-9496|access-date=September 18, 2021|archive-date=January 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119081321/http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000544|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and in assessing the value of cooperation and information exchange in large water resources systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Giuliani|first1=M.|last2=Castelletti|first2=A.|date=July 2013|title=Assessing the value of cooperation and information exchange in large water resources systems by agent-based optimization: MAS Framework for Large Water Resources Systems|journal=Water Resources Research|language=en|volume=49|issue=7|pages=3912–3926|doi=10.1002/wrcr.20287|s2cid=128659104 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
===Organizational ABM: agent-directed simulation===
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