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Social and political views have been affected by the growth of the concept of open source. Advocates in one field often support the expansion of open source in other fields. But [[Eric Raymond]] and other founders of the [[open-source movement]] have sometimes publicly argued against speculation about applications outside software, saying that strong arguments for software openness should not be weakened by overreaching into areas where the story may be less compelling. The broader impact of the open-source movement, and the extent of its role in the development of new information sharing procedures, remain to be seen.
The [[open-source movement]] has inspired increased [[transparency (humanities)|transparency]] and liberty in [[biotechnology]] research, for example [[CAMBIA]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html |title='Open-Source Practices for Biotechnology' — Cambia — Enabling Innovation |publisher=Cambia |access-date=2012-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101235609/http://www.cambia.org/daisy/cambia/470.html |archive-date=1 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Even the research methodologies themselves can benefit from the application of open-source principles.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pearce|first=Joshua M.|title=Open Source Research in Sustainability|journal=Sustainability: The Journal of Record|date=1 August 2012|volume=5|issue=4|pages=238–243| issn = 1937-0695 |doi=10.1089/sus.2012.9944|url=https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=materials_fp|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It has also given rise to the rapidly-expanding [[open-source hardware]] movement.
===Computer software===
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* {{cite journal |author1=Lerner, J. |author2=Tirole, J. |title=The Scope of Open Source Licensing |journal=The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization |volume=21 |pages=20–56 |year=2005 |doi=10.1093/jleo/ewi002| issn = 8756-6222 |citeseerx=10.1.1.72.465 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Lerner, J. |author2=Tirole, J. |title=The Economics of Technology Sharing: Open Source and Beyond |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=99–120 |year=2005 |doi=10.1257/0895330054048678 | issn = 0895-3309 |s2cid=17968894 |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w10956.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |author=Maurer, S.M. |title=Open source biology: Finding a niche (or maybe several) |journal=UMKC Law Review |volume=76 |issue=2 |year=2008 |ssrn=1114371 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1114371 |s2cid=54046895 |url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1516 | issn = 1556-5068 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Osterloh |first1=M. |last2=Rota |first2=S. |title=Open source software development — Just another case of collective invention? |journal=Research Policy |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=157–171 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.respol.2006.10.004 | issn = 0048-7333 |hdl=10419/214322 |url=http://www.crema-research.ch/papers/2005-08.pdf |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Riehle |first=D. |title=The Economic Motivation of Open Source: Stakeholder Perspectives |journal=IEEE Computer |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=25–32 |date=April 2007 |url=http://www.riehle.org/computer-science/research/2007/computer-2007-article.html | issn = 0018-9162 |doi=10.1109/MC.2007.147|s2cid=168544 |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Rossi |first=M.A. |chapter=Decoding the free/open source software puzzle: A survey of theoretical and empirical contributions |chapter-url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/usi/wpaper/424.html |chapter-format=PDF |editor-first=J. |editor-last=Bitzer |editor2-first=P. |editor2-last=Schröder |title=The Economics of Open Source Software Development |publisher=Elsevier |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-444-52769-1 |pages=15–55 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Schiff |first=A. |title=The Economics of Open Source Software: A Survey of the Early Literature |journal=Review of Network Economics |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=66–74 |year=2002 |url=http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030507164146/http://www.rnejournal.com/articles/schiff_software_mar02.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 May 2003 | issn = 2194-5993 |doi=10.2202/1446-9022.1004|s2cid=201280221 }}
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