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==== Home rule ====
In response to the Irish demand for "home rule", Liberal prime minister of the UK, William Gladstone proposed two bills on home rule for Ireland in 1886 and 1893, which both failed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two home rule Bills |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliamentandireland/overview/two-home-rule-bills/}}</ref> Although the idea of "home rule all round" had been around since the 1830s the idea became more popular in 1910 during the constitutional conference and on the brink of an Irish war during 1913–14.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kendle |first=J. E. |date=Jun 1968 |title=VI. The Round Table Movement and 'Home Rule All Round' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00002041 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=332–353 |doi=10.1017/s0018246x00002041 |s2cid=159471230 |issn=0018-246X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Llewelyn Williams.jpg|thumb|179x179px|[[Llywelyn Williams]] set up the first Cymru Fydd branch on Welsh soil in Barry in 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |title='A PROVED AND LOYAL FRIENDSHIP': THE DIARY OF W. LLEWELYN WILLIAMS MP, 1906-15 |url=https://www.library.wales/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/new_structure/catalogues/specialist_catalogues/nlw_journal/cgr_erth_XXXIVrh3_2008_3.pdf}}</ref>]]
Political movements supporting Welsh self-rule began in the late nineteenth century alongside a rise in [[Welsh nationalism]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Pilkington |first=Colin |url=http://archive.org/details/devolutioninbrit0000pilk |title=Devolution in Britain today |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7190-6075-5 |pages=35–38}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=History of devolution |url=https://senedd.wales/how-we-work/history-of-devolution/ |access-date=2022-01-31 |website=senedd.wales |language=en-GB}}</ref> In the same year as the first bill for Ireland was proposed, the [[Cymru Fydd]] (Wales To Be/Wales Will Be) movement was founded to further the home rule cause for Wales.<ref name="encyclopaedia">{{citation|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales|year=2008|place=Cardiff|publisher=University of Wales Press}}</ref> Lloyd George was one of the main leaders of Cymru Fydd which was an organisation created with the aim of establishing a [[Welsh Government]]<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1310503225}} |last1=Jones |first1=J G.|title=Alfred Thomas's National Institution (Wales) Bills of 1891-92 |journal=Welsh History Review |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=1 January 1990 |pages=218–239 }}</ref> and a "stronger Welsh identity".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/politics_cymru_fydd.shtml|title = BBC Wales - History - Themes - Cymru Fydd - Young Wales}}</ref> As such Lloyd George was seen as a radical figure in British politics and was associated with the reawakening of [[Welsh nationalism]] and identity, saying in 1880, "Is it not high time that Wales should have the powers to manage its own affairs".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=55160&printable=1|title = Unit 8 David Lloyd George and the destiny of Wales: View as single page}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Yes or No? The Welsh Devolution Referendum |url=https://blog.library.wales/the-welsh-devolution-referendum/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=National Library of Wales Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Historian Emyr Price has referred to him as "the first architect of Welsh devolution and its most famous advocate’" as well as "the pioneering advocate of a powerful parliament for the Welsh people".<ref>{{Cite book |title=David Lloyd George (Celtic Radicals) |publisher=University of Wales Press |year=2005 |pages=208}}</ref> The first Cymru Fydd societies were set up in Liverpool and London in 1887 and in the winter of 1886–7, the North and South Wales liberal federations were founded.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=""Home Rule all round": Experiments in Regionalising Great Britain, 1886-1914." Political Reform in Britain, 1886 - 1996: Themes, Ideas, Policies. Eds. Jordan, Ulrike; Kaiser, Wolfram. Bochum: Universitätsverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer. 169 - 192. Arbeitskreis Deutsche England-Forschung 37. |url=https://thestacks.libaac.de/bitstream/handle/11858/2064/Rembold%20-%201997%20-%20Home%20Rule%20all%20round.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Lloyd George was also particularly active in attempting to set up a separate Welsh National Party which was based on [[Charles Stewart Parnell]]'s [[Irish Parliamentary Party]] and also worked to unite the North and South Wales Liberal Federations with Cymru Fydd to form a Welsh National Liberal Federation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Wales - History - Themes - David Lloyd George |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/figures/lloyd_george.shtml |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The Cymru Fydd movement collapsed in 1896 amid personal rivalries and rifts between Liberal representatives such as [[David Alfred Thomas]].<ref name="encyclopaedia" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Wales {{!}} Vol, V no. 8/9 {{!}} 1945 {{!}} Cylchgronau Cymru – Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru |url=https://cylchgronau.llyfrgell.cymru/view/1214989/1216131/107 |access-date=4 December 2020 |publisher=[[National Library of Wales]] |language=cy-GB}}</ref> In 1898 however, [[David Lloyd George]] managed to form the Welsh National Liberal Council, a loose umbrella organisation covering the two federations.<ref name="alderton">{{cite web |last1=Alderton |first1=Nicholas |title=The formation of the Welsh Liberal Party, 1966-1967 |url=https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conference/papers/2015/The%20Formation%20of%20the%20Welsh%20Liberal%20Party%20(1).pdf |access-date=10 April 2019 |website=Political Studies Association}}</ref>
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The early 20th century also saw the continued formation of a number of Welsh national institutions; the [[National Library of Wales]] in 1911,<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of the Building {{!}} The National Library of Wales|url=https://www.library.wales/librarybuilding/historyofthebuilding|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.library.wales}}</ref> the [[Welsh Guards]] in 1915<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welsh Guards|url=https://www.army.mod.uk/who-we-are/corps-regiments-and-units/infantry/welsh-guards/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=www.army.mod.uk|language=en-GB}}</ref> and the Welsh Board of Health in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C923|title=Records of the Welsh Board of Health|date=1919–1969|others=Welsh Board of Health|language=English}}</ref> The [[Church in Wales]] came into existence in 1920 following the disestablishment of the [[Church of England]] via the [[Welsh Church Act 1914]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/4-5/91|title=Welsh Church Act 1914}}</ref>
[[File:Parch Lewis Valentine yn ifanc.jpg|thumb|253x253px|[[Lewis Valentine]], first president of [[Plaid Cymru]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fire in Llŷn |url=https://www.peoplescollection.wales/story/378207 |access-date=2023-01-27 |website=Peoples Collection Wales |language=en}}</ref>]]
There had been discussions about the need for a "Welsh party" since the 19th century.<ref>Davies (1994) pp. 415, 454</ref> With the generation or so before 1922 there "had been a marked growth in the constitutional recognition of the Welsh nation", wrote historian [[John Davies (historian)|Dr John Davies]].<ref>Davies (1994) pp. 544</ref> By 1924 there were people in Wales "eager to make their nationality the focus of Welsh politics".<ref name="Daviesp547">Davies (1994) pp. 547</ref> In 1925 Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru ("the National Party of Wales") was founded; it was renamed [[Plaid Cymru|Plaid Cymru – The Party of Wales]] in 1945. The party's principles defined in 1970 were (1) self government for Wales, (2) to safeguard the culture, traditions, language and economic position of Wales and (3) to secure membership for a self-governing Welsh state in the United Nations.<ref name=":82">{{Cite journal |last=Lutz |first=James M. |date=1981 |title=The Spread of the Plaid Cymru: The Spatial Impress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/447358 |journal=The Western Political Quarterly |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=310–328 |doi=10.2307/447358 |issn=0043-4078 |jstor=447358|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
Early members of the Independent Labour Party attempted to establish a South Wales Federation towards the end of the 19th century but the South Wales Regional Council of Labour was not established until 1937.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Labour Party Wales Archives - National Library of Wales Archives and Manuscripts |url=https://archives.library.wales/index.php/labour-party-wales-archives |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=archives.library.wales}}</ref> The UK Labour government elected in 1945 was strongly centrist, but in the same year, there were 15 UK Government departments established in Wales.<ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Torrence |first=David |url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8318/CBP-8318.pdf |title=Devolution in Wales: "A process, not an event" |publisher=House of Commons Library |year=2022 |pages=9}}</ref> By 1947, a unified Welsh Regional Council of Labour became responsible for all Wales.<ref name=":22" /> In 1959 the Labour council title was changed from "Welsh Regional council" to "Welsh council", and the Labour body was renamed Labour Party Wales in 1975.<ref name=":22" />
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# [[Federalism in the United Kingdom|Federal structures]]
# [[Welsh independence|Independence]]<ref name=":162">{{Cite web |title=Interim report by The Independent Commission on the Constitutional Future of Wales |url=https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2022-12/independent-commission-the-constitutional-future-of-wales-interim-report-december-2022.pdf}}</ref>
Among calls for specific matters to be devolved to Wales are powers over; Broadcasting,<ref>{{Citation |last=Deacon |first=Russell |title=1 The Evolution of Welsh Devolution |date=2018-01-23 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780748699742-004 |work=The Government and Politics of Wales |pages=1–21 |access-date=2022-11-29 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |doi=10.1515/9780748699742-004 |isbn=9780748699742|url-access=subscription }}</ref> the [[Crown Estate in Wales]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plenary 24/01/2023 |url=https://record.senedd.wales/Plenary/13189 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Welsh Parliament |language=en}}</ref> and natural resources,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Petition calling for the Senedd to have control over Wales' water signed by over 2,500 in just a few hours |url=https://nation.cymru/news/petition-senedd-wales-water-control/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Nation.Cymru |language=en-GB}}</ref> Shared Prosperity Fund,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Plaid Cymru MP introduces Bill calling for the devolution of post-EU funds to Wales |url=https://nation.cymru/news/plaid-cymru-mp-introduces-bill-calling-for-the-devolution-of-post-eu-funds-to-wales/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=Nation.Cymru |language=en-GB}}</ref> bank holidays,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mosalski |first=Ruth |date=2022-02-15 |title=10,000 want St David's Day to be a bank holiday but UK gov says no |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/st-davids-day-bank-holiday-23099964 |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=WalesOnline |language=en}}</ref> energy firm taxation & regulation,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-16 |title=Mark Drakeford dismisses call for power to tax energy firms to be held in Wales |url=https://nation.cymru/news/mark-drakeford-dismisses-call-for-power-to-tax-energy-firms-to-be-held-in-wales/ |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=Nation.Cymru |language=en-GB}}</ref> gender self-identification,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Nick |date=2023-02-07 |title=Welsh Government to seek devolution of gender recognition laws amid Scotland battle |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/wales-welsh-government-devolution-gender-recognition-laws-scotland-battle-2131989 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> the justice system,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-29 |title=Plaid Cymru call for devolution of justice to Wales - 'we can't be treated as an appendage to England' |url=https://nation.cymru/news/plaid-cymru-devolution-justice/ |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=Nation.Cymru |language=en-GB}}</ref> rail infrastructure,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayward |first=Will |date=2023-03-17 |title=Wales misses out on £1bn from a second major English rail project |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/wales-misses-out-1bn-uk-26499793 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=WalesOnline |language=en}}</ref> setting rates and bands of all income tax,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=Power to set tax rates could help Wales tackle cost of living crisis says Plaid |url=https://nation.cymru/news/power-to-set-tax-rates-could-help-wales-tackle-cost-of-living-crisis-says-plaid/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=Nation.Cymru |language=en-GB}}</ref> welfare system and full taxation powers.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Wales needs full control over welfare and taxation' |url=https://www.thenational.wales/news/19838305.sioned-williams-welfare-taxation-devolved-wales/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205005743/https://www.thenational.wales/news/19838305.sioned-williams-welfare-taxation-devolved-wales/ |archive-date=2022-02-05 |access-date=2022-02-05 |website=The National Wales |language=en}}</ref>
== Restrictions by UK government ==
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