Encoding (memory): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 13:46, 11 February 2025

Revision as of 20:37, 23 May 2025

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Acoustic encoding is the encoding of auditory impulses. According to Baddeley, processing of auditory information is aided by the concept of the phonological loop, which allows input within our echoic memory to be sub vocally rehearsed in order to facilitate remembering.<ref name="text"/>

When we hear any word, we do so by hearing individual sounds, one at a time. Hence the memory of the beginning of a new word is stored in our echoic memory until the whole sound has been perceived and recognized as a word.<ref>{{cite book|last=Carlson and Heth(2010)|title=Psychology the Science of Behaviour 4e|publisher=Pearson Education Canada|chapter=Chapter 8|page=233}}</ref>

Studies indicate that lexical, semantic and phonological factors interact in verbal working memory. The phonological similarity effect (PSE), is modified by word concreteness. This emphasizes that verbal working memory performance cannot exclusively be attributed to phonological or acoustic representation but also includes an interaction of linguistic representation.<ref name="Acheson">Acheson, D.J., MacDonald, M.C., & Postle, B.R. (2010). The Interaction of Concreteness and Phonological Similarity in Verbal Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychogy: Learning, Memory and Cognition; 36:1, 17-36.</ref> What remains to be seen is whether linguistic representation is expressed at the time of recall or whether the representational methods used (such as recordings, videos, symbols, etc.) participate in a more fundamental role in encoding and preservation of information in memory.<ref name="Acheson"/> The brain relies primarily on acoustic (aka phonological) encoding for use in short-term storage and primarily semantic encoding for use in long-term storage.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hughes|first1=Robert W.|last2=Chamberland|first2=Cindy|last3=Tremblay|first3=Sébastien|last4=Jones|first4=Dylan M.|date=October 2016|title=Perceptual-motor determinants of auditory-verbal serial short-term memory|journal=Journal of Memory and Language|language=en|volume=90|pages=126–146|doi=10.1016/j.jml.2016.04.006|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baddeley|first=A. D.|date=1966|title=The Influence of Acoustic and Semantic Similarity on Long-term Memory for Word Sequences|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640746608400047|journal=Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=302–309|doi=10.1080/14640746608400047|pmid=5956072|s2cid=39981510|issn=0033-555X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Other senses===

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SAM explains both primacy and recency effects. Probabilistically, items at the beginning of the list are more likely to remain in STS, and thus have more opportunities to strengthen their links to other items. As a result, items at the beginning of the list are made more likely to be recalled in a free-recall task (primacy effect). Because of the assumption that items in STS are always available for immediate recall, given that there were no significant distractors between learning and recall, items at the end of the list can be recalled excellently (recency effect).

Studies have shown that free recall is one of the most effective methods of studying and transferring information from short term memory to long term memory compared to item recognition and cued recall as greater relational processing is involved.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rawson|first1=Katherine A.|last2=Zamary|first2=Amanda|date=2019-04-01|title=Why is free recall practice more effective than recognition practice for enhancing memory? Evaluating the relational processing hypothesis|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X19300026|journal=Journal of Memory and Language|language=en|volume=105|pages=141–152|doi=10.1016/j.jml.2019.01.002|s2cid=149703416 |issn=0749-596X|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Incidentally, the idea of STS and LTS was motivated by the architecture of computers, which contain short-term and long-term storage.