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The '''methods of neuro-linguistic programming''' are the specific techniques used to perform and teach [[neuro-linguistic programming]],<ref name="Thyer">{{Cite book |title=Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nE9FCQAAQBAJ&q=nlp&pg=PA166 |publisher=Springer Publishing Company |date=2015-05-15 |isbn=9780826177698 |first1=Bruce A. |last1=Thyer |first2=Monica G. |last2=Pignotti |pages=56–57, 165–167 |quote=As NLP became more popular, some research was conducted and reviews of such research have concluded that there is no scientific basis for its theories about representational systems and eye movements.}}</ref><ref name="Sharpley 1987">
{{cite journal|last=Sharpley |first=Christopher F. |title=Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory? |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |date=1 January 1987 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=103–107 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ352101&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b8005c1ac|url-access=subscription }}</ref> which teaches that people are only able to directly perceive a small part of the world using their conscious awareness, and that this view of the world is filtered by experience, beliefs, values, assumptions, and biological sensory systems. NLP argues that people act and feel based on their perception of the world and how they feel about that world they subjectively experience.
NLP claims that language and behaviors (whether functional or dysfunctional) are highly structured, and that this structure can be '[[model|modeled]]' or copied into a reproducible form.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1979">{{cite book |last1=Bandler |first1=R. |last2=Grinder |first2=J. |title=Frogs into Princes: Neuro Linguistic Programming |___location=Moab, UT |publisher=Real People Press |year=1979 |pages=15, 24, 30, 45, 52, 149 |isbn=0-911226-19-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/frogsintoprinces00band_0/page/149 }}</ref> Using NLP a person can 'model' the more successful parts of their own behavior in order to reproduce it in areas where they are less successful or 'model' another person to effect belief and behavior changes to improve functioning. If someone excels in some activity, it can be [[Modeling (NLP)|learned]] how specifically they do it by observing certain important details of their behavior.<ref name="Bandler & Grinder 1975a">{{cite book |last1=Bandler |first1=Richard |last2=Grinder |first2=John |title=The Structure of Magic I: A Book About Language and Therapy |___location=Palo Alto, CA |publisher=Science & Behavior Books |year=1975 |isbn= 0-8314-0044-7}}</ref> NLP embodies several techniques, including hypnotic techniques, which proponents claim can affect changes in the way people think, learn and communicate.<ref name="Dilts et al. 1980">{{cite book |last1=Dilts |first1=R.B. |last2=Grinder |first2=J. |last3=Bandler |first3=R. |last4=DeLozier |first4=J. A. |title=Neuro-Linguistic Programming |volume=I: The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience |publisher=Meta Publications |year=1980 |isbn=0-916990-07-9 |pages=3–4 |url=https://archive.org/details/neurolinguisticp01dilt |url-access=registration}}</ref>
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Originally, NLP taught that most people had an internal preferred representational system (PRS) and preferred to process information primarily in one sensory modality.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} The practitioner could ascertain this from external cues such as the direction of eye movements, posture, breathing, voice tone and the use of sensory-based predicates. If a person repeatedly used predicates such as "I can ''see'' a ''bright'' future for myself", the words "see" and "bright" would be considered visual predicates. In contrast "I can feel that we will be comfortable" would be considered primarily kinesthetic because of the predicates "feel" and "comfortable". These verbal cues could also be coupled with posture changes, skin color or breathing shifts. The theory was that the practitioner by matching and working within the preferred representational system could achieve better communication with the client and hence swifter and more effective results. Many trainings and standard works still teach PRS<ref name="OConnor & Seymour 2002">{{cite book |first1=Joseph |last1=O'Connor |first2=John |last2=Seymour |title=Introducing NLP |___location=London |publisher=Thorsons |year=2002 |orig-year=1990 |url=https://archive.org/details/introducingnlpps00jose |isbn=1-85538-344-6 |access-date=2007-04-30 |edition=revised }}</ref>
Although there is some research that supports the notion that eye movements can indicate visual and auditory (but not kinesthetic) components of thought in that moment,<ref name="Buckner 1987">{{cite journal |last1=Buckner |first1=M. |last2=Meara |first2=N. M. |last3=Reese |first3=E. J. |last4=Reese |first4=M. |year=1987 |title=Eye movement as an indicator of sensory components in thought |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=283–287 |doi=10.1037/0022-0167.34.3.283}}</ref> the existence of a preferred representational system ascertainable from external cues (an important part of original NLP theory) was discounted by research in the 1980s.<ref name="Sharpley 1984">{{cite journal |last=Sharpley |first=C. F. |year=1984 |title=Predicate matching in NLP: A review of research on the preferred representational system |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=238–248|doi=10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.238 }}</ref><ref name="Heap 1988">{{cite book |last=Heap |first=M. |chapter=Neurolinguistic Programming - An Interim Verdict|editor-first=M. |editor-last=Heap |title=Hypnosis: Current Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices |___location=London |publisher=Croom Helm |year=1988 |url=http://www.surenkolkankar.com/wp-content/uploads/nlp1.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Elich 1985">{{cite journal |last1=Elich |first1=M. |last2=Thompson |first2=R. W. |last3=Miller |first3=L. |year=1985 |url=http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ327573&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&objectId=0900000b800561ca |title=Mental imagery as revealed by eye movements and spoken predicates: A test of neurolinguistic programming |journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=622–625|doi=10.1037/0022-0167.32.4.622 |url-access=subscription }} note: "psychological fad" p. 625</ref>
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