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|pages=215–18}}</ref> emerging in the early 1970s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilb|first=Tom|s2cid=33902347|date=1981-04-01|title=Evolutionary development|journal=ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=17|doi=10.1145/1010865.1010868}}</ref>
During the 1990s, a number of ''lightweight'' software development methods evolved in reaction to the prevailing ''heavyweight'' methods (often referred to collectively as [[Waterfall model|''waterfall'']]) that critics described as overly regulated, planned, and [[Micromanagement|micromanaged]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Heavyweight project organizationHEAVYWEIGHT PROJECT ORGANIZATION |date=2000 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0612-8_400 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Production and Manufacturing Management |pages=261–262 |editor-last=Swamidass |editor-first=P. M. |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/1-4020-0612-8_400 |isbn=978-1-4020-0612-8 |access-date=2022-06-22|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These lightweight methods included: [[rapid application development]] (RAD), from 1991;<ref>{{cite book | title=Rapid Application Development | publisher=Macmillan | author=Martin, James | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-02-376775-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/rapidapplication00mart }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Inside RAD: How to Build a Fully Functional System in 90 Days or Less | publisher=McGraw-Hill |author1=Kerr, James M. |author2=Hunter, Richard | year=1993 | page=3 | isbn=978-0-07-034223-1}}</ref> the [[Unified Process|unified process]] (UP) and [[dynamic systems development method]] (DSDM), both from 1994; [[Scrum (software development)|Scrum]], from 1995; Crystal Clear and [[extreme programming]] (XP), both from 1996; and [[feature-driven development]] (FDD), from 1997. Although these all originated before the publication of the ''Agile Manifesto'', they are now collectively referred to as agile software development methods.<ref name="LarmanGuide">{{Cite book
|last=Larman
|first=Craig
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|edition=7th|___location=Newtown Square, PA}}
* {{cite book|first1=M.|last1=Stephens|first2=D.|last2=Rosenberg|title=Extreme Programming Refactored: The Case Against XP|publisher=Apress|year=2003|isbn=978-1-59059-096-6|url=https://archive.org/details/extremeprogrammi00matt}}
*{{citation|title=Heavyweight project organizationHEAVYWEIGHT PROJECT ORGANIZATION |date=2000 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0612-8_400 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Production and Manufacturing Management |pages=261–262 |editor-last=Swamidass |editor-first=P. M. |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/1-4020-0612-8_400 |isbn=978-1-4020-0612-8 |access-date=2022-06-22|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Takeuchi |first1=Hirotaka |last2=Nonaka |first2=Ikujiro |title=The New New Product Development Game |journal=[[Harvard Business Review]] |date=1 January 1986 |url=https://hbr.org/1986/01/the-new-new-product-development-game |access-date=25 July 2021 |issn=0017-8012}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.binfire.com/blog/2016/07/hybrid-project-management-methodology//|title=Introduction to Hybrid project management|work=Collaboration Corner |date=20 July 2016}}
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