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''Data analysis'' is a [[Process theory|process]] for obtaining [[raw data]], and subsequently converting it into information useful for decision-making by users.<ref name="Auerbach Publications"/> Statistician [[John Tukey]], defined data analysis in 1961, as:<blockquote>"Procedures for analyzing data, techniques for interpreting the results of such procedures, ways of planning the gathering of data to make its analysis easier, more precise or more accurate, and all the machinery and results of (mathematical) statistics which apply to analyzing data."<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.aoms/1177704711 |title=John Tukey-The Future of Data Analysis-July 1961 |journal=The Annals of Mathematical Statistics |date=March 1962 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–67 |doi=10.1214/aoms/1177704711 |access-date=2015-01-01 |archive-date=2020-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126232007/https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.aoms/1177704711 |url-status=live |last1=Tukey |first1=John W. }}</ref></blockquote>
There are several phases, and they are [[Iteration|iterative]], in that feedback from later phases may result in additional work in earlier phases.<ref name="Schutt & O'Neil">{{cite book
| author2-last = O'Neil | author2-first= Cathy | author2-link= Cathy O'Neil
| author1-last = Schutt | author1-first= Rachel
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