Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:17, 17 April 2025

Revision as of 05:31, 26 May 2025

Line 36:

Bilateral stimulation is a generalization of the left and right repetitive eye movement technique first used by Shapiro. Alternative stimuli include auditory stimuli that alternate between left and right speakers or headphones and physical stimuli such as tapping of the therapist's hands or tapping devices.<ref name="Rodenburg2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodenburg R, Benjamin A, de Roos C, Meijer AM, Stams GJ | title = Efficacy of EMDR in children: a meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 599–606 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19616353 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.008 }}</ref>

Most [[Meta-analysis|meta-analyses]] have found that the inclusion of bilateral eye-movements within EMDR makes little or no difference to its effect.<ref name=ps-in>{{cite book |chapter=Chapter 4: Pseudoscience in Treating Adults Who Experienced Trauma |title=Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice |vauthors=Thyer BA, Pignotti MG |year=2015 |publisher=Springer |pages=106, 146 |doi=10.1891/9780826177698.0004 |isbn=9780826177681}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuijpers P, Veen SC, Sijbrandij M, Yoder W, Cristea IA | title = Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Cognitive Behaviour Therapy | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 165–180 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32043428 | doi = 10.1080/16506073.2019.1703801 | s2cid = 202289231 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11577/3461344 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref name="RodenburgBenjaminde Roos2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodenburg R, Benjamin A, de Roos C, Meijer AM, Stams GJ | title = Efficacy of EMDR in children: a meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Psychology Review | volume = 29 | issue = 7 | pages = 599–606 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 19616353 | doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.008 | quote-page = {{page needed|date=May 2024}} | quote = "Results indicate efficacy of EMDR when effect sizes are based on comparisons between the EMDR and the non-established trauma treatment or the no-treatment control groups, and the incremental efficacy when effect sizes are based on comparisons between the EMDR and the established (CBT) trauma treatment." }}</ref> Meta-analyses have also described a high risk of [[allegiance bias]] in EMDR studies.<ref name="CuijpersVeenSijbrandij2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cuijpers P, Veen SC, Sijbrandij M, Yoder W, Cristea IA | title = Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for mental health problems: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Cognitive Behaviour Therapy | volume = 49 | issue = 3 | pages = 165–180 | date = May 2020 | pmid = 32043428 | doi = 10.1080/16506073.2019.1703801 | quote = "EMDR was found to be significantly more effective than other therapies in the treatment of PTSD. However, these results are not convincing for a number of reasons. First, there were few studies with low risk of bias. Furthermore, studies with low risk of bias did not point at a significant difference between EMDR and other therapies. The difference between studies with low risk of bias and those with at least some risk of bias was significant and we found considerable indications for researcher allegiance. Because studies with low risk of bias found no difference between EMDR and other therapies, we conclude that there is not enough evidence to decide about the comparative effects of EMDR." | quote-page = {{page needed|date=May 2024}} | s2cid = 202289231 | eissn = 1651-2316 | doi-access = free | hdl = 11577/3461344 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> One 2013 meta-analysis with fewer exclusion criteria found a moderate effect.<ref name=pmid23266601>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee CW, Cuijpers P | title = A meta-analysis of the contribution of eye movements in processing emotional memories | journal = Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 231–239 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23266601 | doi = 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.11.001 | url = http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/13100/ | url-access = subscription }}</ref>

== Research ==