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{{Short description|Writing system for some Southern Bantu languages}}
{{Primary sources|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Ditema tsa Dinoko
| altname = isiBheqe soHlamvu
| typedesc-prefix = [[Featural writing system|Featural]]
| type = [[syllabary]]
| date = 2014
| languages = [[Sotho language|Sotho]] and other [[Southern Bantu languages]]
| fam1 = [[Litema]], amaBheqe [[ideographs]] (Izimpawu zesiNtu)
| sample = Ditema Tsa Dinoko Syllabary Sample.svg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = ''Ditema tsa Dinoko'' written in the syllabary
}}
'''Ditema tsa Dinoko''' ({{IPA link|[di.tʼɪ.ma t͜sʼa di.nʊː.kʼʊ]}}), [[Sesotho]] for "[[Litema|Ditema]] syllabary", also known as '''isiBheqe soHlamvu''' ({{IPA|zu|isibʱɛᵏǃʼɛ sɔɬaːɱb̪̊vʱu}})<ref name="isiBheqe">{{cite web |url=http://www.isibheqe.org.za |title=⍚ DITEMA TSA DINOKO ⍚ |publisher=isibheqe.org.za|access-date=18 April 2025}}</ref> is a [[constructed writing system|constructed]], [[featural]] [[syllabary]] for all ''siNtu'' ([[Southern Bantu]]) languages, such as [[Sesotho]], [[Tswana language|Setswana]], [[Zulu language|IsiZulu]], [[Xhosa language|IsiXhosa]], [[SiSwati]], [[Phuthi language|SiPhuthi]], [[Tsonga language|Xitsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|EMakhuwa]], [[Ngoni language|ChiNgoni]], [[Lozi language|SiLozi]], [[Shona language|ChiShona]] and [[Venda language|Tshivenḓa]], among many others. It was developed from the traditional [[ideographic]] mural art of the [[Sotho people]] known as ''[[litema]]'' or ''ditema''.<ref>[https://matthewdea.com/blog/2017/5/12/writing-systems-of-africa Writing Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627115722/https://matthewdea.com/blog/2017/5/12/writing-systems-of-africa |date=2018-06-27 }} (12 May 2017) "Perhaps the most contemporary and creative African script is known as Ditema Tsa Dinoko (Isibheqe Sohlamvu in Zulu). This script can be used to write any Southern Bantu language, such as Sesotho, Zulu, and Tswana. The Southern Bantu languages are found in South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe. Created within the past three years by linguists, programmers, and designers, this special writing system is inspired by traditional litema art of Lesotho."
See also e.g.: {{cite web |url=http://miami2015.designmiami.com/design-galleries/view/southern-guild4 |title=Isibheqe cabinets |publisher=Design Miami |access-date=2015-11-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/News/indigenous-alphabet-on-the-cards-for-sa-20160206
|title=Indigenous alphabet on the cards for SA
|first=Garreth|last=van Niekerk
|website=[[City Press (South Africa)]]
|date=2016-02-08
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210714010433/https://www.news24.com/citypress/News/indigenous-alphabet-on-the-cards-for-sa-20160206
|archive-date=2021-07-14
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|journal=South African Journal of African Languages
|first=Sandra|last=Land
|url=https://openscholar.dut.ac.za/bitstream/10321/2360/1/Land_SAJAL_Vol35No2_2015.pdf
|date=2015
|title=Reading and the orthography of isiZulu
|volume=35 |pages=163–175
|issue=2
|doi=10.1080/02572117.2015.1113000
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803065033/https://openscholar.dut.ac.za/bitstream/10321/2360/1/Land_SAJAL_Vol35No2_2015.pdf
|archive-date=2020-08-03
}}</ref> {{As of|2025|post=,}} no proposal has been made to encode the script in [[Unicode]], the text encoding standard designed to support all of the world's major writing systems.<ref>[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23203-update-african-scripts.pdf "Update on Usage and Implementation Status of African Scripts."] Unicode, Inc. 8 September 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2023. p. 6.</ref>
The script is designed for the phonological features of the ''siNtu'' languages in the [[Nguni languages|Nguni]], [[Sotho-Tswana languages|Sotho-Tswana]], [[Venda language|Venḓa]], [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] and [[Guitonga language (Mozambique)|Tonga-Inhambane]] groups, unifying them consistently under one [[orthography]].<ref name="isiBheqe"/> This includes languages that have no standardised Latin [[orthography]], such as [[Pulana language|East Sotho languages]] (SePulana, SeKutswe and HiPai) and several of the [[Tekela languages]]. A diacritic that indicates [[nasal vowel|vowel nasality]], known as ''ingungwanyana'', is provided specifically for the Tekela languages.
[[File:Ditema-tsa-dinoko_s_c_(1).jpg|thumb|right|''Ditema tsa Dinoko'' in a stylized script, read left-to-right. The three syllables of first word are clustered, with the third syllable on the bottom]]
==Description==
The script is characterized as a [[syllabary]], as each freestanding symbol represents a [[syllable]], with [[graphemes]] for vowels, consonants and other [[featural script|featural]] elements combined into syllable blocks (''amaBheqe''), in a similar fashion to [[Hangeul]]. When the syllable being represented is not a [[syllabic consonant|syllabic nasal]], these symbols are formed with a triangular or [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron-shaped]] grapheme representing the [[Nucleus (syllable)|nucleus]] of the syllable (''onkamisa''), with the attached consonant graphemes (''ongwaqa'') representing the [[onset (linguistics)|onset]] of the syllable.<ref name="Ingcazo">{{cite web |url=https://isibheqe.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/isiBheqe-2.pdf |title=Incazo Yohlelo |publisher=isibheqe.org.za|access-date=18 April 2025 }}</ref> Syllabic nasals are written as circles that fill the whole ''iBheqe'' or syllable block.
[[File:Xilo_Vhathu_Ho_tlêtse.jpg|thumb|right|The construction of the syllables of three words in different languages: ''Xilo'' {{IPA|[ʃiːlɔ]}} "thing" in Xitsonga, ''Vhathu'' {{IPA|[βaːtʰu]}} "people" in Tshivenḓa, ''Ho tlêtse'' {{IPA|[hʊt͜ɬʼɛːt͜sʼɪ]}} "It is full" in Sesotho.]]
==Vowels==
The vowel graphemes (''onkamisa'') form the basis of each ''ibheqe'' or syllable block, as the nucleus of each syllable, with the ''ongwaqa'' or consonant graphemes positioned in and around them.
The direction of each ''ibheqe'' indicates the quality of the vowel, with to seven possible [[phonemes]]:
*''Intombi'', the upward-facing triangle: {{IPA|/i/}}
*''Isoka'', the downward-facing triangle: {{IPA|/a/}}
*''Umkhonto'', the upward-facing chevron: {{IPA|/u/}}
*''Iphambili'', the leftward-facing triangle: {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
*''Imuva'', the rightward-facing triangle: {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
*The leftward-facing chevron: {{IPA|/e/}}
*The rightward-facing chevron: {{IPA|/o/}}
Some languages, like [[Sotho phonology|Sesotho]], can present up to two more vowels, like {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} for example, but these could be considered [[allophonic]] and are thus represented with the same grapheme as {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} respectively.
There is an eighth "vowel" represented by the downward-facing chevron, which is the null vowel, transcribed {{IPA|/∅/}} in the table below. This is mostly used for foreign words to represent a non-syllabic consonant without a following vowel, often as a [[syllable coda]], which does not occur in siNtu languages.
At the moment, vowel length and tone are not marked into the graphemes, but rather established within the tone of the sentences and words by each language.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!{{IPA|/i/}}
!{{IPA|/e/~/ɪ/}}
!{{IPA|/ɛ/}}
!{{IPA|/a/}}
!{{IPA|/ɔ/}}
!{{IPA|/o/~/ʊ/}}
!{{IPA|/u/}}
!{{IPA|/∅/}}
|-
|[[File:DtsD_Example_I.svg|100px]]
|[[File:DtsD_Example_E.svg|100px]]
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Ɛ.svg|100px]]
|[[File:DtsD_Example_A.svg|100px]]
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Ɔ.svg|100px]]
|[[File:DtsD_Example_O.svg|100px]]
|[[File:DtsD_Example_U.svg|100px]]
|[[File:DtsD_Example_ConsonantalCoda.svg|100px]]
|}
The apex of the triangle or chevron corresponds to vowel height or frontedness, with [[high vowel]]s {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} pointing upwards and the [[low vowel]] {{IPA|/a/}} pointing downwards. Likewise, the [[front vowel]]s {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/e/}} point leftwards and the [[back vowel]]s {{IPA|/ɔ/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} point rightwards.
[[File:Onkamisa (Emlonyeni).jpg|thumb|right|This table showcases how each vowel acquires its shape.]]
Vowel nasality is indicated with the ''ingungwanyana'', a solid dot placed at the apex of the triangle but separated from it. Here is an example of use, differentiating the how the word for ''below'' is said and written in Zunda [with a circle for a nasal consonant] and Tekela [with the ''ingungwanyana'']:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!English
![[Nguni languages#Zunda languages|Zunda]]
![[Nguni languages#Tekela languages|Tekela]]
|-
!Down/Below
!''Phantsi<br/>''{{IPA|/pʰaː.ntsʼi/}}
!''Phãsi<br/>''{{IPA|/pʰãː.si/}}
|-
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Diacritic_Vowel_Nasalization.svg|100px]]<br/>The ''ingungwanyana'' diacritic, in its usual and (in grey) alternative position.
|[[File:DtsD_Example_PhaNtsʼi.svg|150px]]
|[[File:DtsD_Example_PhãSi.svg|150px]]
|}
In the case the syllable has a nasal consonant, which occupies the same ___location, the ''ingungwanyana'' can instead be placed on the opposite side of the triangle, at the base.
==Consonants==
[[File:DtsD_ConsonantShapes.jpg|thumb|The shape of the symbol is made to mimic the shape of the mouth.]]
Consonants (''ongwaqa'') are composed of one or more graphemes. At least one of these indicates the place and manner of articulation. If more than one such consonant grapheme is superimposed, this represents a co-articulation, e.g. an [[affricate]] (formed of superimposed stop and fricative graphemes), or an [[Syllable#Onset cluster|onset cluster]]. Other overlaid dots and strokes indicate articulatory mode, whether that be [[voiced]], [[prenasalised]], [[implosive]], [[ejective]], [[modal voice]], or a combination thereof.
The position of the consonant graphemes largely corresponds to the [[place of articulation]]:
*[[labial consonant|Labials]] and [[Nasal consonant|nasals]] are positioned outside the triangle, at the apex.
*[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolars]] are across the middle of the triangle from side to side.
*[[dental consonant|Dentals]] are two lines across the triangle from side to side, parallel to each other.
*[[Velar consonant|Velars]] and [[Palatal consonant|palatals]] are at the base.
*[[lateral consonant|Laterals]] are outside the triangle on one side.
The shape of the consonant grapheme corresponds to the [[manner of articulation]]:
*[[Fricatives]] are indicated by curved lines; with the [[retroflex]]/whistled and [[postalveolar]] fricatives being loops.
*[[Plosives]] are indicated by straight lines in the same position as their fricative counterparts.
*A plosive is written together with a fricative to write an [[affricate]]. The post-alveolar and retroflex affricates are ligatures, with the plosive line integrated into the fricative loops.
*[[Approximants]] and [[Trill consonant|trills]] are represented with two lines either parallel or at a right angle to each other.
*[[Nasal consonant|Nasals]] are represented as circles at the apex of the triangle. Lines inside the circles distinguish the nasals from each other, unless a plosive is present, in which case the distinction is not necessary.
*[[click consonant|Clicks]] are a bottomless hourglass-like shapes.
*Onset clusters such as ''tw'' are similar to affricates: both consonants are placed in the triangle, though some spacial adjustment may be necessary.
*Syllabic laterals and trills are represented with duplication of the ordinary lateral and trill graphemes.
*Syllabic nasals, ''amaQanda'', are unique in that they are circles that occupy the entire ''iBheqe'' space, rather than triangles. They follow the same principles as their consonantal counterparts.
These graphemes can combine with each other in an order in accordance with the [[phonotactics]] of siNtu languages, and they also can combine with the articulatory mode graphemes.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|Consonants
|Bilabial
Line 14 ⟶ 146:
|-
|Plosive
|[[File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedP.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/pʰ/}}
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedDentalT.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedT.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/tʰ/}}
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedC.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/cʰ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_AspiratedK.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
!
!
Line 27 ⟶ 159:
|-
| Fricative
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Phi.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ɸ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_F.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/f/}}
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_S.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/s/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Sh.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʂ/-/sᶲ/}}
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_X.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/x/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_ArabicH.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ħ/}}{{efn|The symbol for {{IPA|/ħ/}} is exclusive for transcription of other languages, as the sound does not occur in Southern Bantu languages.}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_H.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/h/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Hl.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ɬ/}}
|-
|Affricate{{efn|Notice that most of the affricates are formed by writing its component articulations in a single ''iBheqe'', like {{IPA|/p͡fʰ/}} being composed of both {{IPA|/pʰ/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}, with the exception of the post-alveolar and retroflex ones, discussed above.}}
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Pf.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/p͡fʰ/}}
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Ts.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/t͡sʰ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/t͡ʃʰ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/t͡ʂʰ/-/t͡sᶲ/}}
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Kx.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/k͡xʰ/}}
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Tl.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/t͡ɬʰ/}}
|-
|Approximant
|[[File:DtsD_Example_W.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/w/}}
!
!
Line 46 ⟶ 191:
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_J.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/j/}}
!
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_L.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/l̪ / l/}}
|-
|Trill
Line 56 ⟶ 201:
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_R.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/r/-/ʀ/}}{{efn|In Sotho, French influence may have contributed to the introduction of an [[Sotho phonology|allophonic /ʀ/]], but in reality its articulation varies from individual to individual. The symbol represents these sounds indistinctively.}}
!
!
Line 71 ⟶ 216:
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexR.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ɽ/}}
!
!
Line 79 ⟶ 224:
|-
|Click
|[[File:DtsD_Example_BilabialClick.svg|80px]]<br/>
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_DentalClick.svg|80px]]<br/>
|[[File:DtsD_Example_AlveolarClick.svg|80px]]<br/>
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_PalatalClick.svg|80px]]<br/>
!
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_LateralClick.svg|80px]]<br/>
|-
|Nasal
|[[File:DtsD_Example_M.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/m/}}
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_DentalN.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/n̪/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_N.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/n/}}
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Ny.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Ng.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
!
!
Line 105 ⟶ 250:
|-
|Syllabic Nasal
|[[File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicM.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/m̩/}}
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicN.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/n̩/}}
!
!
|colspan="2"|[[File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicNy-Ng.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ɲ̩/-/ŋ̍/}}
!
!
Line 120 ⟶ 265:
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicR.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/r̩/ (r̩.rV)}}{{efn|name=syllabicLR|Syllabic {{IPA|/r̩/}} and {{IPA|/l̩/}} are only present when preceding the same phoneme in a CV syllable.}}
!
!
Line 127 ⟶ 272:
!
!
|[[File:DtsD_Example_SyllabicL.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/l̩/ (l̩.lV)}}{{efn|name=syllabicLR}}
|}
{{notelist}}
While normally the voicing line (described in the next section) goes right across the ''amaBheqe'', in the case of the post-alveolar and retroflex sibilants and affricates (that is, {{IPA|/ʃ/, /ʂ/, /sᶲ/, /t͡ʃ/, /t͡ʂ/ and /t͡sᶲ/}}), the line goes up to the loop, not passing through it, staying on the bottom half for post-alveolars and on the top half for retroflexes. These could be considered ligatures; even so, abbreviation is possible in handwriting, going from the loop part straight to the ''uphimbo''.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!
!Voiceless Consonant
!Voiced Consonant
!Handwritten version
|-
!Post-alveolar Fricative
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Sh.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Zh.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Zh_Alternative.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
|-
!Retroflex Fricative
|[[File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexS.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʂ/-/sᶲ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʐ/-/z̤ᵝ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexZ_Alternative.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/ʐ/-/z̤ᵝ/}}
|-
!Post-alveolar Affricate
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Tsh.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Dzh.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_Dzh_Alternative.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|-
!Retroflex Affricate
|[[File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexTsh.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/t͡ʂ/-/t͡sᶲ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/d͡ʐ/-/d͡z̤ᵝ/}}
|[[File:DtsD_Example_RetroflexDzh_Alternative.svg|80px]]<br/>{{IPA|/d͡ʐ/-/d͡z̤ᵝ/}}
|}
==Articulatory mode==
There are three graphemic markers of articulatory mode:
*''Uphimbo'', the voicing line, is a vertical line that runs from the apex of the triangle to the base (or inline with the ends of the chevron). This symbol modifies the phonation of the consonant.
*''Lerothodi'', the glottal action dot, is a dot that floats just above the base of the triangle, inside it. When an uphimbo is present, the dot can be moved sligthly to a side, and if a consonant shape is in the way, even further, for visibility. This symbol modifies the airstream mechanism of the consonant.
*''Ingungwana'', the nasalization marker, is a circle that sits at the top of the triangle, touching its apex. This is distinct from the bilabial nasal {{IPA|/m/}} (''ingungu'') that appears on its own, as this one occurs with other consonant graphemes. In this case, no additional lines need to be added to the ingungwana, as the place of articulation is given by them instead.
The table below displays how consonants are modified by these:
{| class="wikitable" width:"auto"
!Articulation Modifier
!Without
!With
!Rule
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align: center" |[[File:
|{{IPA|/∅V/}}
|{{IPA|/ɦV/}}
|rowspan="3"|
*If the diacritic is the only symbol along the vowel, it represents a [[Voiced glottal fricative]] {{IPA|/ɦ/}}.
*When applied to a nasal or a rhotic consonant, its shifts their phonation from modal to [[
*When applied to any other consonant, it becomes [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]].
|-
Line 150 ⟶ 333:
|{{IPA|/b/, /d/, /g/}}
|-
|rowspan="
|{{IPA|/
|{{IPA|/
|rowspan="
*If the diacritic is the only mark on the ''iBheqe'', it can denote a [[glottal stop]], though more often than not that sound is non phonemic.
*For unvoiced and [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]] consonants, the diacritic indicates a glottalized [[Ejective consonant|ejection]]. If the language doesn't have ejectives, then it turns into its plain modal form.
*For breathy voiced consonants, it indicates an [[Implosive consonant|implosive]] release. If the language doesn't have implosives, then it turns into its plain modal form.
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{IPA|/pʰ/, /tʰ/, /ᵏǃʰ/}}
|{{IPA|/pʼ/, /tʼ/, /ᵏǃʼ/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/p/, /t/, /ᵏǃ/}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{IPA|/b̤/, /d̤ /, /g̤/}}
|{{IPA|/ɓ/, /ɗ /, /ɠ/}}
|-
|{{IPA|/b/, /d/, /g/}}
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align: center" |[[File:
|{{IPA|/b/, /k/}}
|{{IPA|/ᵐb/, /ᵑk/}}
|rowspan="3"|
*This diacritic marks [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] consonants
*When its used on an ejective click consonant (marked with the ''lerothodi''), the ingungu
|-
|{{IPA|/ᵏǃʼ/, /ᵏǁʼ/}}
Line 179 ⟶ 364:
|{{IPA|/ᵑǃ/, /ᵑǀʱ/}}
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ditema.htm Ditema (Ditema tsa Dinoko / Isibheqe Sohlamvu)] at Omniglot
* [https://isibheqe.org.za Ditema tsa Dinoko] at isibheqe.org.za
{{List of writing systems}}
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