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== Acoustic emission sensor ==
Machine tool monitoring is explained with [[Acoustic emission|Acoustic Emission]] (AE) sensors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Liang|first1=S. Y.|last2=Dornfeld|first2=D. A.|date=1989-08-01|title=Tool Wear Detection Using Time Series Analysis of Acoustic Emission|url=https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/manufacturingscience/article/111/3/199/392992/Tool-Wear-Detection-Using-Time-Series-Analysis-of|journal=Journal of Engineering for Industry|language=en|volume=111|issue=3|pages=199–205|doi=10.1115/1.3188750|issn=0022-0817|url-access=subscription}}</ref> An AE sensor is commonly defined as the sound emitted as an [[Elastic Wave|elastic wave]] by a solid when it is [[Deformation (mechanics)|deformed]] or struck, caused by the rapid release of localized [[Stress–energy tensor|stress energy]]. Therefore, it is an occurrence phenomenon which releases [[elastic energy]] into the material, which then propagates as an elastic wave. The detection [[frequency]] range of acoustic emission is from 1 kHz to 1 MHz.
Rapid stress-releasing events generate a spectrum of [[stress wave]]s starting at 0 Hz and typically falling off at several MHz. AE can be related to an irreversible release of energy. It can also be generated from sources not involving material failure including [[friction]], [[cavitation]] and impact.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.tms.org|title=The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) }}</ref> The three major applications of AE sensors phenomena are: a) Source ___location - determine the locations of occurrence of an event b) Material mechanical performance - evaluate and characterize materials/structures; and c Health monitoring – monitors the safety operation.<ref name="auto" />
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