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Some viruses cause no apparent changes to the infected cell. Cells in which the virus is [[virus latency|latent]] (inactive) show few signs of infection and often function normally.<ref name="pmid18164651">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sinclair J | title = Human cytomegalovirus: Latency and reactivation in the myeloid lineage | journal = J. Clin. Virol. | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 180–185 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18164651 | doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.11.014 }}</ref> This causes persistent infections and the virus is often dormant for many months or years. This is often the case with [[herpes simplex|herpes viruses]].<ref name="pmid6326635">{{cite journal | vauthors = Jordan MC, Jordan GW, Stevens JG, Miller G | title = Latent herpesviruses of humans | journal = Ann. Intern. Med. | volume = 100 | issue = 6 | pages = 866–880 | date = June 1984 | pmid = 6326635 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-100-6-866 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12076064">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sissons JG, Bain M, Wills MR | s2cid = 24879226 | title = Latency and reactivation of human cytomegalovirus | journal = J. Infect. | volume = 44 | issue = 2 | pages = 73–77 | date = February 2002 | pmid = 12076064 | doi = 10.1053/jinf.2001.0948}}</ref>
Some viruses, such as [[Epstein–Barr virus]], often cause cells to proliferate without causing [[malignancy]];<ref name="pmid18035323">{{cite journal | vauthors = Barozzi P, Potenza L, Riva G, Vallerini D, Quadrelli C, Bosco R, Forghieri F, Torelli G, Luppi M | title = B cells and herpesviruses: a model of lymphoproliferation | journal = Autoimmun Rev | volume = 7 | issue = 2 | pages = 132–136 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18035323 | doi = 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.02.018 | hdl = 11380/598275 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> but some other viruses, such as [[papillomavirus]], are an established cause of cancer.<ref name="pmid28798073">{{cite journal |vauthors=Graham SV |title=The human papillomavirus replication cycle, and its links to cancer progression: a comprehensive review |journal=Clinical Science |volume=131 |issue=17 |pages=2201–2221 |year= 2017 |pmid=28798073 |doi=10.1042/CS20160786 |doi-access=free }}</ref> When a cell's DNA is damaged by a virus such that the cell cannot repair itself, this often triggers apoptosis. One of the results of apoptosis is destruction of the damaged DNA by the cell itself. Some viruses have mechanisms to limit apoptosis so that the host cell does not die before progeny viruses have been produced; [[HIV]], for example, does this.<ref name="pmid10547702">{{cite journal | vauthors = Roulston A, Marcellus RC, Branton PE | title = Viruses and apoptosis | journal = Annu. Rev. Microbiol. | volume = 53 | pages = 577–628 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10547702 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.577 }}</ref>
== Viruses and diseases ==
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