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==Nomenclature==
[[File:Kantschil-drawing.jpg|thumb|By [[Gustav Mützel]]]]
The Java mouse-deer has many [[common name]]s, including Javan chevrotain,<ref name="MDD"/> Javan mousdeer, or Java Mouse Deer.<ref name=eof5>Facts about Lesser Mouse Deer (Tragulus javanicus) - Encyclopedia of Life. (n.d.). Encyclopedia of Life - Animals - Plants - Pictures & Information. Retrieved from http://eol.org/pages/328339/</ref>
===Taxonomy===
The Java mouse-deer's current scientific name is ''Tragulus javanicus'', although other names for it exist, including ''Tragulus javanica'' ([[Feminine sense|fem.]]), ''Cervus javanicus'' ([[basionym]]), and ''Tragulus fuscatus'' ([[heterotypic synonym]]).<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" /><ref name=meijaard>{{cite journal | last1 = Meijaard | first1 = I. | last2 = Groves | first2 = C. P. | year = 2004 | title = A taxonomic revision of the Tragulus mouse-deer. | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 140 | pages = 63–102 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00091.x| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name=ARKive4>Javan mouse-deer (Tragulus javanicus). (2013). ARKive - Discover the world's most endangered species. Retrieved from http://www.arkive.org/javan-mouse-deer/tragulus-javanicus {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207213548/http://www.arkive.org/javan-mouse-deer/tragulus-javanicus/ |date=2013-12-07 }}</ref><ref>Facts about Lesser Mouse Deer (Tragulus javanicus) - Encyclopedia of Life. (n.d.). Encyclopedia of Life - Animals - Plants - Pictures & Information. Retrieved from http://eol.org/pages/328339/names/synonyms</ref>
The taxonomic history of the Java mouse-deer is convoluted; previously, the Java mouse-deer (''Tragulus javanicus'') was commonly thought to encompass a group of small-bodied [[chevrotain]]s, but after revisions it was found that this species name should only apply to mouse-deer specimens from [[Java]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stone |first1=Witmer |last2=Rehn |first2=J. A. G. |title=A Collection of Mammals from Sumatra, with a Review of the Genera Nycticebus and Tragulus |journal=Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia |date=
Recent [[Craniometry|craniometric]] analyses have begun to shed light on the taxonomic discrepancies. Three [[species group]]s of ''Tragulus'' have been identified based on craniometric skull analyses and coat coloration patterns. These three species groups are ''Tragulus javanicus'', ''[[Tragulus napu]]'', and ''[[Tragulus versicolor]]''. Based upon these craniometric analyses, ''Tragulus javanicus'' was then further separated based on the organisms’ known geographic locations: ''[[Tragulus williamsoni]]'' (found in northern Thailand and possibly southern China), ''[[Tragulus kanchil]]'' (found in Borneo, Sumatra, the Thai–Malay Peninsula, islands within the Greater Sunda region, and continental Southeast Asia), and ''Tragulus javanicus'' (found in Java).<ref name=meijaard6>{{cite journal | last1 = Meijaard | first1 = E. | last2 = Groves | first2 = C. P. | year = 2004 | title = A Taxonomic Revision Of The Tragulus Mouse-deer (Artiodactyla) | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 140 | issue = 1| pages = 63–102 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00091.x| doi-access = free }}</ref> Thus, because of its [[endemism]] to the island of Java, the Java mouse-deer is now considered a distinct species, although this fact has not significantly affected its current classification.{{Clarify|date=June 2025}}<ref name=redorbit7>Java Mouse Deer, ''Tragulus javanicus'' - Mammals Reference Library - redOrbit. (n.d.). redOrbit - Science, Space, Technology, Health News and Information. Retrieved from http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/science_1/mammalia/1112721404/java-mouse-deer-tragulus-javanicus/</ref>
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With an average length of {{Convert|45|cm|abbr=on}} and an average height of {{Convert|30|cm|abbr=on}}, the Java mouse-deer is the smallest [[Neontology|extant]] (living) ungulate or hoofed mammal, as well as the smallest extant even-toed ungulate.<ref name=eof5/><ref name=erythrocytes9>{{cite journal|last1=Fukuta|first1=K.|last2=Kudo|first2=H|last3=Jalaludin|first3=S.|year=1996|title=Unique pits on the erythrocytes of the lesser mouse-deer, Tragulus javanicus|journal=Journal of Anatomy|volume=189|issue=1|pages=211–213|pmc=1167845|pmid=8771414}}</ref><ref name=JoB/> The weight of the Java mouse-deer ranges from {{Convert|1|to|2|kg}}, with males being heavier than females. It has an average tail length of about {{Convert|5|cm|abbr=on}}. Mouse-deer are thought to be the most primitive [[ruminant]]s based on their behaviour and the [[fossil]] record, thus they are the living link between ruminants and non-ruminants.<ref name=animalrecs10>Carwardine, M., & London, E. (2007). Animal records. New York: Sterling</ref><ref name=JoB>{{Cite journal|last1=Matsubayashi|first1=Hisashi|last2=Bosi|first2=Edwin|last3=Kohshima|first3=Shiro|date=28 February 2003|title=Activity and Habitat Use of Lesser Mouse-Deer (Tragalus javanicus)|journal=Journal of Mammalogy|language=en|volume=84|issue=1|pages=234–242|doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0234:AAHUOL>2.0.CO;2|issn=0022-2372|doi-access=free}}</ref>
===Physiology===
The Java mouse-deer is [[endotherm]]ic and [[homoeothermic]], and has an average basal metabolic rate of about 4.883 [[watt]]s.<ref name=eof5/> It also has the smallest [[red blood cell]]s (erythrocytes) of any mammal, and about 12.8% of the cells have pits on them. The pits range in diameter from 68 to 390 [[nanometre]]s. Red blood cells with pits are unique and have not been reported before either physiologically or pathologically.<ref name=erythrocytes9/>
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===Social behavior===
[[File:Tragulus javanicus (2).jpg|thumb|Sitting, with upper canines visible; [[Antwerp Zoo]]]]
Groups of Java mouse-deer are commonly referred to as “[[herd]]s”, while females are termed “does", “hinds”, or “cows”. Males are referred to as either “bucks”, “stags”, or “bulls”; and their young are commonly called “fawns” or “asses”.<ref name=superhero8/> Although Java mouse-deer form [[Monogamy in animals|monogamous]] family groups, they are usually shy, solitary animals. They are also usually silent; the only noise they make is a shrill cry when they are frightened.
The [[Territory (animal)|territories]] of ''Tragulus javanicus'' males and females have been observed to overlap considerably, yet individuals of the same sex do not share their territories.<ref name=eof5/> Male Java mouse-deer are territorial, marking their territory and their mates with secretions from an intermandibular scent gland under their chin.<ref name=superhero8/> This territorial marking usually includes urinating or defecating to mark their area. To protect themselves and their mates or to defend their territory, mouse-deer slash rivals with their sharp, protruding canine “tusks.” It has also been observed that, when threatened, the Java mouse-deer will beat its hooves quickly against the ground, reaching speeds of up to 7 beats per second, creating a “drum roll” sound.<ref name=prothero14>Prothero, D. R., & Foss, S. E. (2007). The evolution of artiodactyls. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press</ref> When giving birth, however, females tend to establish a new home range. Female Java mouse-deer have an estimated home range of {{Convert|4.3|ha|lk = in}}, while males inhabit, on average, {{Convert|5.9|ha}}. Additionally, male Java mouse-deer, in nature, were observed to travel distances of {{Convert|519|m}} daily on average, while females average {{Convert|574|m}} daily.<ref name=eof5/>
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====Reproduction====
[[File:Rare mating photograph of 'Mouse Deers' at Singapore Zoo(23-10-07).JPG|thumb|Mating; [[Singapore Zoo]]]]
Java mouse-deer are capable of breeding at any time during the year, and this has been observed during captivity.<ref name=eof5/><ref name=adw12 /> However, some sources have observed that the breeding season for the Java mouse-deer in nature occurs from November to December.<ref name=hayssen15>Hayssen, V., & Tienhoven, A. v. (1993). Asdell's patterns of mammalian reproduction: a compendium of species-specific data. Ithaca: Cornell University Press</ref> Additionally, female mouse-deer have the potential to be pregnant throughout most of their adult life, and they are capable of conceiving 85–155 minutes after giving birth.<ref name=adw12/> The Java mouse-deer's gestation period usually lasts 4.5 months, or 144 days.<ref name=eof5/><ref name=adw12 />
Typical litters consist of a single fawn, which resembles a miniature adult, although the tusk-like canines prevalent in males are not visible in the young mouse-deer.<ref name=eof5/> The average mass of a newborn fawn is {{Convert|370|g}}, and these precocial young are capable of standing within 30 minutes after birth. Fawns are capable of eating solid food within two weeks, yet it takes around 12 weeks to completely wean the fawns.<ref name=superhero8/> On average, it takes the young, both male and female, 167 days (~5 months) to reach sexual maturity.<ref name=kingdon16>Kingdon, J. (1989). East African mammals : an atlas of evolution in Africa. London: Academic Press</ref> Mouse-deer have been observed to live up to 14 years in captivity, but their lifespan in nature is still an open question.<ref name=eof5/>
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==Relation to humans==
[[File:A kancil story 2014-05-25 02.jpg|thumb|''Sang Kancil'' as depicted in a ''[[Wayang]]'' show]]
===Indonesian folklore===
{{Main|Kancil Story|Wayang Kancil}}
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