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''[[In situ]]'' data are all data from sources other than Earth observation satellites. Consequently, all ground-based, air-borne, and ship/buoy-based observations and measurements that are needed to implement and operate the Copernicus services are part of the in-situ component. In-situ data are indispensable; they are assimilated into forecasting models, provide calibration and validation of space-based information, and contribute to analysis or filling gaps not available from space sources.
GISC was undertaken with reference to other initiatives, such as [[List of European Union directives#Information technology|INSPIRE]] (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) and SEIS (Shared Environmental Information System) as well as existing coordination and data exchange networks. The coordinated access to data retains the capacity to link directly data providers and the service providers because it is based on the principles of SEIS and INSPIRE. The implementation of INSPIRE is embedded in the synergies and meta-data standards that were used in GISC. Data and information aims to be managed as close as possible to its source in order to achieve a distributed system, by involving countries and existing capacities that maintain and operate the required observation infrastructure.
== Services component==
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== Other relevant initiatives ==
Other initiatives will also facilitate the development and functioning of Copernicus services:
* [[List of European Union directives#Information technology|INSPIRE]]: this initiative aims at building a European spatial data infrastructure beyond national boundaries.
* Urban Atlas: Compiled from thousands of satellite photographs, the Urban Atlas provides detailed and cost-effective digital mapping, ensuring that city planners have the most up-to-date and accurate data available on land use and land cover. The Urban Atlas will enable urban planners to better assess risks and opportunities, ranging from the threat of flooding and the impact of climate change, to identifying new infrastructure and public transport needs. All cities in the EU will be covered by the Urban Atlas by 2011.
* [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seis/ SEIS]: The Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) is a collaborative initiative of the European Commission and the European Environment Agency (EEA) to establish together with the Member States an integrated and shared EU-wide environmental information system.
* [[Heterogeneous Missions Accessibility]], the [[European Space Agency]] initiative for [[interoperability]] of [[Earth observation satellite]] payload data ground segments.
Copernicus is one of three related initiatives that are the subject of the GIGAS (''[[GEOSS]], [[List of European Union directives#Information technology|INSPIRE]] and [[GMES]] an Action in Support'') harmonization and analysis project <ref name="Comparative analysis">[http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=39475 GIGAS Methodology for comparative analysis of information and data management systems], OGC 10-028r1, A. Biancalana, P.G. Marchetti, P. Smits, 2010</ref> under the auspices of the [[European Union|EU]] [[7th Framework Programme]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegigasforum.eu/project/project.html|title=The GIGAS Project |website=thegigasforum.eu|access-date=2009-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814160825/http://www.thegigasforum.eu/project/project.html|archive-date=2009-08-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Third country participation ==
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