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New methods suggest the use of multi-dimensional, fuzzy rule-based, non-linear thresholds. In these approaches, the decision regarding each pixel's membership in a segment is based on multi-dimensional rules derived from fuzzy logic and evolutionary algorithms, considering factors such as image lighting, environment, and application.<ref>{{cite book |first1 = A. |last1 = Kashanipour |first2 = N |last2 = Milani |first3 = A. |last3 = Kashanipour |first4 = H. |last4 = Eghrary |title = 2008 Congress on Image and Signal Processing |chapter = Robust Color Classification Using Fuzzy Rule-Based Particle Swarm Optimization |publisher = IEEE Congress on Image and Signal Processing |volume = 2 |pages = 110–114 |date = May 2008 |doi = 10.1109/CISP.2008.770 |isbn = 978-0-7695-3119-9 |s2cid = 8422475 }}</ref>
== Clustering methods
{{Main|Data clustering}}
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