Field-programmable gate array: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 04:06, 5 June 2025

Revision as of 02:13, 16 June 2025

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=== Integration ===

In 2012 the coarse-grained architectural approach was taken a step further by combining the [[logic block]]s and interconnects of traditional FPGAs with embedded [[microprocessor]]s and related peripherals to form a complete [[System on a chip|system on a programmable chip]]. Examples of such hybrid technologies can be found in the [[Xilinx]] Zynq-7000 all [[Programmableprogrammable SoC]],<ref name="Xilinx-Inc-Oct-2011-8-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/520/95012311090713/filing-main.htm |title=Xilinx Inc, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Oct 19, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =May 6, 2018}}</ref> which includes a 1.0&nbsp;[[GHz]] dual-core [[ARM Cortex-A9]] MPCore processor [[Embedded system|embedded]] within the FPGA's logic fabric,<ref name="Xilinx-Inc-May-2011-10-K">{{cite web|url=http://edgar.secdatabase.com/1249/95012311055454/filing-main.htm |title=Xilinx Inc, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date May 31, 2011 |publisher=secdatabase.com |access-date =May 6, 2018}}</ref> or in the [[Altera]] Arria V FPGA, which includes an 800&nbsp;MHz [[dual-core]] [[ARM Cortex-A9]] MPCore. The [[Atmel]] FPSLIC is another such device, which uses an [[Atmel AVR|AVR]] processor in combination with Atmel's programmable logic architecture. The [[Microsemi]] [[SmartFusion]] devices incorporate an ARM Cortex-M3 hard processor core (with up to 512&nbsp;kB of [[Flash memory|flash]] and 64&nbsp;kB of RAM) and analog [[peripheral]]s such as a multi-channel [[analog-to-digital converter]]s and [[digital-to-analog converter]]s in their [[flash memory]]-based FPGA fabric.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

=== Clocking ===

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* [[Achronix]], manufacturing SRAM based FPGAs with 1.5&nbsp;GHz fabric speed<ref>{{Cite press release |url=http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2010/11/01/chip-shot-achronix-to-use-intel-s-22nm-manufacturing |title=Achronix to Use Intel's 22nm Manufacturing |date=2010-11-01 |work=Intel Newsroom |access-date=2018-12-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2015-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930082224/http://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2010/11/01/chip-shot-achronix-to-use-intel-s-22nm-manufacturing |url-status=dead }}{{better source needed|{{subst:DATE}}|date=September 2024}}</ref>

*[[Altium]], provides system-on-FPGA hardware-software design environment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maxfield |first1=Clive |title=The Design Warrior's Guide to FPGAs |date=16 June 2004 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=9780080477138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnuwr2xOFpUC&dq=fpga+altium&pg=PA117}}</ref>

* Cologne Chip, German Government government-backed designer and producer of FPGAs<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the company – Cologne Chip |url=https://colognechip.com/about-the-company/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |language=en-US}}{{better source needed|{{subst:DATE}}|date=September 2024}}</ref>

* [[Efinix]] offers small to medium-sized FPGAs. They combine logic and routing interconnects into a configurable XLR cell.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

* [[GOWIN Semiconductors]], manufacturing small and medium-sized SRAM and Flashflash-based FPGAs. They also offer pin-compatible replacements for a few Xilinx, Altera and Lattice products.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

* [[Lattice Semiconductor]] manufactures [[Low-power electronics|low-power]] SRAM-based FPGAs featuring integrated configuration flash, [[instant-on]] and live [[Reconfigurable computing|reconfiguration]]

** [[SiliconBlue Technologies]] provides extremely low-power SRAM-based FPGAs with optional integrated [[Non-volatile memory|nonvolatile]] configuration memory; acquired by Lattice in 2011

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In 2012 researchers Sergei Skorobogatov and Christopher Woods demonstrated that some FPGAs can be vulnerable to hostile intent. They discovered a critical [[Backdoor (computing)|backdoor]] [[Vulnerability (computing)|vulnerability]] had been manufactured in silicon as part of the Actel/Microsemi ProAsic 3 making it vulnerable on many levels such as reprogramming crypto and [[access key]]s, accessing unencrypted bitstream, modifying [[low-level]] silicon features, and extracting [[Computer configuration|configuration]] data.<ref>{{cite book |volume=7428|pages=23–40|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-33027-8_2|series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science|year = 2012|last1 = Skorobogatov|first1 = Sergei|title=Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems – CHES 2012|last2=Woods|first2=Christopher|isbn=978-3-642-33026-1|chapter=Breakthrough Silicon Scanning Discovers Backdoor in Military Chip}}</ref>

In 2020 a critical vulnerability (named "Starbleed") was discovered in all Xilinx 7series7 series FPGAs that rendered bitstream encryption useless. There is no workaround. Xilinx did not produce a hardware revision. Ultrascale and later devices, already on the market at the time, were not affected.

== Similar technologies ==