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[[File:Von Neumann Architecture.svg|thumb|Von Neumann architecture scheme]]
Around this time, technological advancement in [[relay]]s and [[vacuum tube]]s enabled the construction of the first computers.{{sfn|Blum|2011|p=72}} Building on Babbage's design, relay computers were built by [[George Stibitz]] at [[Bell Laboratories]] and [[Harvard University]]'s [[Howard Aiken]], who engineered the [[Harvard Mark I|MARK I]].{{sfn|Blum|2011|p=15}} Also in 1945, mathematician [[John von Neumann]]—working on the [[ENIAC]] project at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]—devised the underlying [[von Neumann architecture]] that has served as the template for most modern computers.{{sfn|Blum|2011|pp=72, 74}} Von Neumann's design featured a centralized [[memory (computing)|memory]] that stored both data and programs, a [[central processing unit]] (CPU) with priority of access to the memory, and [[I/O|input and output (I/O) units]]. Von Neumann used a single [[bus (computing)|bus]] to transfer data, meaning that his solution to the storage problem by locating programs and data adjacent to each other created the [[Von Neumann bottleneck]] when the system tries to fetch both at the same time—often throttling the system's performance.{{sfn|Blum|2011|p=74}}
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==Computer architecture==
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