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===Univariate marginal distribution algorithm (UMDA)===
The UMDA<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mühlenbein|first1=Heinz|title=The Equation for Response to Selection and Its Use for Prediction|journal=Evol. Computation|date=1 September 1997|volume=5|issue=3|pages=303–346|doi=10.1162/evco.1997.5.3.303|pmid=10021762|s2cid=2593514 |url=http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1326756|issn=1063-6560|url-access=subscription}}</ref> is a simple EDA that uses an operator <math>\alpha_{UMDA}</math> to estimate marginal probabilities from a selected population <math>S(P(t))</math>. By assuming <math>S(P(t))</math> contain <math>\lambda</math> elements, <math>\alpha_{UMDA}</math> produces probabilities:
<math>
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