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{{About|the reproducibility of scientific research results|reproductive capacity of organisms|fertility|and|fecundity|reproducibility in the context of computer software|Reproducible builds}}
'''Reproducibility''', closely related to '''replicability''' and '''repeatability''', is a major principle underpinning the [[scientific method]]. For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an [[experiment]] or an [[observational study]] or in a [[statistical analysis]] of a [[data set]] should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated. There are different kinds of replication<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tsang|first1=Eric W. K.|last2=Kwan|first2=Kai-man|date=1999|title=Replication and Theory Development in Organizational Science: A Critical Realist Perspective|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amr.1999.2553252|journal=Academy of Management Review|volume=24|issue=4|pages=759–780|doi=10.5465/amr.1999.2553252|issn=0363-7425|url-access=subscription}}</ref> but typically replication studies involve different researchers using the same methodology. Only after one or several such successful replications should a result be recognized as scientific knowledge.
==History==
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==Measures of reproducibility and repeatability==
In chemistry, the terms reproducibility and repeatability are used with a specific quantitative meaning.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= |first= |title=IUPAC - reproducibility (R05305) |url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/R05305 |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]|doi= 10.1351/goldbook.R05305|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In inter-laboratory experiments, a concentration or other quantity of a chemical substance is measured repeatedly in different laboratories to assess the variability of the measurements. Then, the standard deviation of the difference between two values obtained within the same laboratory is called repeatability. The standard deviation for the difference between two measurement from different laboratories is called ''reproducibility''.<ref name="ASTM E177">{{cite web|url=https://www.astm.org/Standards/E177.htm |title=Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods |year=2014 |author=Subcommittee E11.20 on Test Method Evaluation and Quality Control |publisher=ASTM International |id=ASTM E177}}{{Subscription required}}</ref>
These measures are related to the more general concept of [[variance component]]s in [[metrology]].
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