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== History ==
{{see also|
There is no comprehensive
[[File:50 years of datavisulization berengueres own work.png|thumb|Selected milestones and inventions]]▼
The first documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with the [[Turin Papyrus Map]] which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources.<ref name="Friendly 2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/ |title=Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization |date=2001 |last=Friendly |first=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414221920/http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/ |archive-date=2014-04-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Such maps can be categorized as [[thematic map|thematic cartography]], which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated. For example, [[Linear B]] tablets of [[Mycenae]] provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean. The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns, earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC, and the map projection of a spherical Earth into latitude and longitude by [[Claudius Ptolemy]] [{{circa|85}}–{{circa|165}}] in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century.<ref name="Friendly 2001"/>▼
The modern study of visualization started with [[computer graphics]], which "has from its beginning been used to study scientific problems. However, in its early days the lack of graphics power often limited its usefulness. The recent emphasis on visualization started in 1987 with the special issue of Computer Graphics on Visualization in ''[[Computational science|Scientific Computing]]''. Since then there have been several conferences and workshops, co-sponsored by the [[IEEE Computer Society]] and [[ACM SIGGRAPH]]".<ref>G. Scott Owen (1999). [http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperVis/visgoals/visgoal3.htm History of Visualization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008032217/http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperVis/visgoals/visgoal3.htm |date=2012-10-08 }}. Accessed Jan 19, 2010.</ref> They have been devoted to the general topics of [[data visualization]], information visualization and [[scientific visualization]], and more specific areas such as [[volume visualization]].▼
[[File:Playfair TimeSeries.png|thumb|upright=1.2|Playfair TimeSeries, 1786]]
▲[[File:50 years of datavisulization berengueres own work.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Selected milestones and inventions]]
[[File:ProductSpaceLocalization.png|thumb|upright=.7|[[The Product Space|Product Space Localization]], intended to show the [[List of countries by economic complexity|Economic Complexity]] of a given economy]]▼
[[File:Benin English.png|thumb
The invention of paper and parchment allowed further development of visualizations
By the 16th century, techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities, and geographic and celestial position were well-developed (for example, a "wall quadrant" constructed by [[Tycho Brahe]] [1546–1601], covering an entire wall in his observatory). Particularly important were the development of triangulation and other methods to determine mapping locations accurately.<ref name="Springer-Verlag"/> Very early, the measure of time led scholars to develop innovative way of visualizing the data (e.g. Lorenz Codomann in 1596, Johannes Temporarius in 1596<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=Data visualization: definition, examples, tools, advice [guide 2020]|url=https://www.intotheminds.com/blog/en/data-visualization/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Market research consulting|language=en-BE}}</ref>).▼
▲[[File:ProductSpaceLocalization.png|thumb|[[The Product Space|Product Space Localization]], intended to show the [[List of countries by economic complexity|Economic Complexity]] of a given economy]]
▲[[File:Benin English.png|thumb|250px|right|Tree map of Benin exports (2009) by product category. The product exports treemaps are one of the most recent applications of these kind of visualizations, developed by the Harvard-MIT [[The Observatory of Economic Complexity|Observatory of Economic Complexity]].]]
▲There is no comprehensive 'history' of data visualization. There are no accounts that span the entire development of visual thinking and the visual representation of data, and which collate the contributions of disparate disciplines.<ref name="Springer-Verlag">{{cite book|last1=Friendly|first1=Michael|date=2008 |chapter=A Brief History of Data Visualization|title=Handbook of Data Visualization|pages=15–56|publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-33037-0_2|isbn=9783540330370|s2cid=62626937 }}</ref> Michael Friendly and Daniel J Denis of [[York University]] are engaged in a project that attempts to provide a comprehensive history of visualization. Contrary to general belief, data visualization is not a modern development. Since prehistory, stellar data, or information such as ___location of stars were visualized on the walls of caves (such as those found in [[Lascaux|Lascaux Cave]] in Southern France) since the [[Pleistocene]] era.<ref name="WhitehouseIce00">{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm |title=Ice Age star map discovered |author=Whitehouse, D. |work=BBC News |date=9 August 2000 |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106064810/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/871930.stm |archive-date=6 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Physical artefacts such as Mesopotamian [[History of ancient numeral systems#Clay token|clay tokens]] (5500 BC), Inca [[quipu]]s (2600 BC) and Marshall Islands [[Marshall Islands stick chart|stick charts]] (n.d.) can also be considered as visualizing quantitative information.<ref name="Dragicevic 2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.dataphys.org/list|title=List of Physical Visualizations and Related Artefacts |date=2012 |access-date=2018-01-12 |last1=Dragicevic |first1=Pierre |last2=Jansen |first2=Yvonne |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113194900/http://dataphys.org/list/ |archive-date=2018-01-13 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01120152/document |first1=Yvonne |last1=Jansen |first2=Pierre |last2=Dragicevic |first3=Petra |last3=Isenberg|author3-link= Petra Isenberg |first4=Jason |last4=Alexander |first5=Abhijit |last5=Karnik |first6=Johan |last6=Kildal |first7=Sriram |last7=Subramanian |first8=Kasper |last8=Hornbæk |author8-link=Kasper Hornbæk |date=2015 |title=Opportunities and challenges for data physicalization |journal=Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |pages=3227–3236 |access-date=2018-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093035/https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01120152/document |archive-date=2018-01-13 |url-status=live}}</ref>
▲The first documented data visualization can be tracked back to 1160 B.C. with [[Turin Papyrus Map]] which accurately illustrates the distribution of geological resources and provides information about quarrying of those resources.<ref name="Friendly 2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/ |title=Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization |date=2001 |last=Friendly |first=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414221920/http://www.datavis.ca/milestones/ |archive-date=2014-04-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Such maps can be categorized as [[thematic map|thematic cartography]], which is a type of data visualization that presents and communicates specific data and information through a geographical illustration designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. Earliest documented forms of data visualization were various thematic maps from different cultures and ideograms and hieroglyphs that provided and allowed interpretation of information illustrated. For example, [[Linear B]] tablets of [[Mycenae]] provided a visualization of information regarding Late Bronze Age era trades in the Mediterranean. The idea of coordinates was used by ancient Egyptian surveyors in laying out towns, earthly and heavenly positions were located by something akin to latitude and longitude at least by 200 BC, and the map projection of a spherical Earth into latitude and longitude by [[Claudius Ptolemy]] [{{circa|85}}–{{circa|165}}] in Alexandria would serve as reference standards until the 14th century.<ref name="Friendly 2001"/>
▲The invention of paper and parchment allowed further development of visualizations throughout history. Figure shows a graph from the 10th or possibly 11th century that is intended to be an illustration of the planetary movement, used in an appendix of a textbook in monastery schools.<ref name="FUNKHOUSER">{{cite journal|last1=Funkhouser |first1=Howard Gray |title=A Note on a Tenth Century Graph |journal=Osiris |date=January 1936 |volume=1 |pages=260–262 |jstor=301609 |doi=10.1086/368425 |s2cid=144492131}}</ref> The graph apparently was meant to represent a plot of the inclinations of the planetary orbits as a function of the time. For this purpose, the zone of the zodiac was represented on a plane with a horizontal line divided into thirty parts as the time or longitudinal axis. The vertical axis designates the width of the zodiac. The horizontal scale appears to have been chosen for each planet individually for the periods cannot be reconciled. The accompanying text refers only to the amplitudes. The curves are apparently not related in time.
▲[[File:Mouvement des planètes au cours du temps.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Planetary movements]]
▲By the 16th century, techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities, and geographic and celestial position were well-developed (for example, a "wall quadrant" constructed by [[Tycho Brahe]] [1546–1601], covering an entire wall in his observatory). Particularly important were the development of triangulation and other methods to determine mapping locations accurately.<ref name="Springer-Verlag"/> Very early, the measure of time led scholars to develop innovative way of visualizing the data (e.g. Lorenz Codomann in 1596, Johannes Temporarius in 1596<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=Data visualization: definition, examples, tools, advice [guide 2020]|url=https://www.intotheminds.com/blog/en/data-visualization/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Market research consulting|language=en-BE}}</ref>).
In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jacques Bertin]] used quantitative graphs to represent information "intuitively, clearly, accurately, and efficiently".<ref name=":0" /> John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians. With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization; starting with hand-drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications – including interactive designs leading to software visualization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf |title=A Brief History of Data Visualization |date=2006 |access-date=2015-11-22 |website=York University |publisher=Springer-Verlag |last=Friendly |first=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508232649/http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>▼
▲French philosopher and mathematician [[René Descartes]] and [[Pierre de Fermat]] developed analytic geometry and two-dimensional coordinate system which heavily influenced the practical methods of displaying and calculating values. Fermat and [[Blaise Pascal]]'s work on statistics and probability theory laid the groundwork for what we now conceptualize as data.<ref name="Springer-Verlag"/> According to the Interaction Design Foundation, these developments allowed and helped William [[William Playfair|Playfair]], who saw potential for graphical communication of quantitative data, to generate and develop graphical methods of statistics.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Playfair TimeSeries.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Playfair TimeSeries]] In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jacques Bertin]] used quantitative graphs to represent information "intuitively, clearly, accurately, and efficiently".<ref name=":0" />
▲The modern study of visualization started with [[computer graphics]], which "has from its beginning been used to study scientific problems. However, in its early days the lack of graphics power often limited its usefulness. The recent emphasis on visualization started in 1987 with the special issue of Computer Graphics on Visualization in ''[[Computational science|Scientific Computing]]''. Since then there have been several conferences and workshops, co-sponsored by the [[IEEE Computer Society]] and [[ACM SIGGRAPH]]".<ref>G. Scott Owen (1999). [http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperVis/visgoals/visgoal3.htm History of Visualization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008032217/http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperVis/visgoals/visgoal3.htm |date=2012-10-08 }}. Accessed Jan 19, 2010.</ref> They have been devoted to the general topics of
▲John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians. With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization; starting with hand-drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications – including interactive designs leading to software visualization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf |title=A Brief History of Data Visualization |date=2006 |access-date=2015-11-22 |website=York University |publisher=Springer-Verlag |last=Friendly |first=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508232649/http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Programs like [[SAS (software)|SAS]], [[SOFA Statistics|SOFA]], [[R (programming language)|R]], [[Minitab]], Cornerstone and more allow for data visualization in the field of statistics. Other data visualization applications, more focused and unique to individuals, programming languages such as [[D3.js|D3]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]] (through matplotlib, seaborn) and [[JavaScript]] and Java(through JavaFX) help to make the visualization of quantitative data a possibility. Private schools have also developed programs to meet the demand for learning data visualization and associated programming libraries, including free programs like [[The Data Incubator]] or paid programs like [[General Assembly]].<ref>{{cite news
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