Data and information visualization: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Visual representation of data}}

{{Redirect|Dataviz|the software company|DataViz}}

[[File:Minard.png|thumb|upright=21.6|Statistician professorProfessor [[Edward Tufte]] described [[Charles Joseph Minard]]'s 1869 graphic of the [[French invasion of Russia|Napoleonic France's invasion of Russia]] as whatpotentially "may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn", noting that it captures six6 variables in two2 dimensions.<ref name=CorbettCSISS>{{cite web |last1=Corbett |first1=John |title=Charles Joseph Minard: Mapping Napoleon's March, 1861 |url=http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/58 |publisher=Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030619011958/http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/58 |archive-date=19 June 2003 |url-status=usurped}} ([http://csiss.ncgia.ucsb.edu/ CSISS website has moved]; use archive link for article)</ref>]]

{{cleanup merge|Information visualization|discuss=Talk:Data visualization#Merger|date=February 2021}}

[[File:Minard.png|thumb|upright=2|Statistician professor [[Edward Tufte]] described [[Charles Joseph Minard]]'s 1869 graphic of [[French invasion of Russia|Napoleonic France's invasion of Russia]] as what "may well be the best statistical graphic ever drawn", noting that it captures six variables in two dimensions.<ref name=CorbettCSISS>{{cite web |last1=Corbett |first1=John |title=Charles Joseph Minard: Mapping Napoleon's March, 1861 |url=http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/58 |publisher=Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030619011958/http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/58 |archive-date=19 June 2003 |url-status=usurped}} ([http://csiss.ncgia.ucsb.edu/ CSISS website has moved]; use archive link for article)</ref>]]

{{Data Visualization}}

{{InfoMaps}}

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Indeed, [[Fernanda Viegas]] and [[Martin M. Wattenberg]] suggested that an ideal visualization should not only communicate clearly, but stimulate viewer engagement and attention.<ref>{{Cite news |first1= Fernanda |last1=Viegas|first2=Martin |last2=Wattenberg |title= How To Make Data Look Sexy |work= CNN |date= April 19, 2011 |url= https://edition.cnn.com/2011/OPINION/04/19/sexy.data/ |url-status= live |archive-date= May 6, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065701/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-19/opinion/sexy.data_1_visualization-21st-century-engagement?_s=PM%3AOPINION |access-date= May 7, 2017 }}</ref>

Data visualization is closely related to [[information graphics]], [[information visualization]], [[scientific visualization]], [[exploratory data analysis]] and [[statistical graphics]]. In the new millennium, data visualization has become an active area of research, teaching and development. According to Post et al. (2002), it has united scientific and information visualization.<ref name="FHP02">Frits H. Post, Gregory M. Nielson and Georges-Pierre Bonneau (2002). [http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf ''Data Visualization: The State of the Art''. Research paper TU delft, 2002.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007134531/http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf |date=2009-10-07 }}.</ref>

In the commercial environment data visualization is often referred to as [[Dashboard (business)|dashboards]]. [[Infographic]]s are another very common form of data visualization.

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By the 16th century, techniques and instruments for precise observation and measurement of physical quantities, and geographic and celestial position were well-developed (for example, a "wall quadrant" constructed by [[Tycho Brahe]] [1546–1601], covering an entire wall in his observatory). Particularly important were the development of triangulation and other methods to determine mapping locations accurately.<ref name="Springer-Verlag"/> Very early, the measure of time led scholars to develop innovative way of visualizing the data (e.g. Lorenz Codomann in 1596, Johannes Temporarius in 1596<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-09|title=Data visualization: definition, examples, tools, advice [guide 2020]|url=https://www.intotheminds.com/blog/en/data-visualization/|access-date=2020-12-09|website=Market research consulting|language=en-BE}}</ref>).

Mathematicians [[René Descartes]] and [[Pierre de Fermat]] developed analytic geometry and two-dimensional coordinate system which heavily influenced the practical methods of displaying and calculating values. Fermat and [[Blaise Pascal]]'s work on statistics and probability theory laid the groundwork for what we now conceptualize as data.<ref name="Springer-Verlag"/> These developments helped [[William Playfair]], who saw potential for graphical communication of quantitative data, to generate and develop [[List of graphical methods|graphical methods]] of statistics.<ref name=":0" /> In 1786, Playfair published the first presentation graphics.

In the second half of the 20th century, [[Jacques Bertin]] used quantitative graphs to represent information "intuitively, clearly, accurately, and efficiently".<ref name=":0" /> John Tukey and Edward Tufte pushed the bounds of data visualization; Tukey with his new statistical approach of exploratory data analysis and Tufte with his book "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" paved the way for refining data visualization techniques for more than statisticians. With the progression of technology came the progression of data visualization; starting with hand-drawn visualizations and evolving into more technical applications – including interactive designs leading to [[software visualization]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf |title=A Brief History of Data Visualization |date=2006 |access-date=2015-11-22 |website=York University |publisher=Springer-Verlag |last=Friendly |first=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508232649/http://www.datavis.ca/papers/hbook.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-08 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The modern study of visualization started with [[computer graphics]], which "has from its beginning been used to study scientific problems. However, in its early days the lack of graphics power often limited its usefulness. The recent emphasis on visualization started in 1987 with the special issue of Computer Graphics on Visualization in ''[[Computational science|Scientific Computing]]''. Since then there have been several conferences and workshops, co-sponsored by the [[IEEE Computer Society]] and [[ACM SIGGRAPH]]".<ref>G. Scott Owen (1999). [http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperVis/visgoals/visgoal3.htm History of Visualization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008032217/http://www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperVis/visgoals/visgoal3.htm |date=2012-10-08 }}. Accessed Jan 19, 2010.</ref> They have been devoted to the general topics of data visualization, information visualization and [[scientific visualization]], and more specific areas such as [[volume visualization]].

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<!-- This is hardly a reliable source and this list should maybe be moved to Information graphics -->

On the other hand, fromFrom a [[computer science]] perspective, Frits H. Post in 2002 categorized the field into sub-fields:<ref name= "FHP02"/><ref name="FHP03">Frits H. Post, Gregory M. Nielson and Georges-Pierre Bonneau (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20091007134531/http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf ''Data Visualization: The State of the Art''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007134531/http://visualisation.tudelft.nl/publications/post2003b.pdf |date=2009-10-07 }}.</ref>

* [[Information visualization]]

* [[Interaction techniques]] and architectures

* Modelling techniques

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== See also ==

{{Div col|colwidth=20em18em}}

* [[Analytics]]

* [[Climate change art]]

* [[Computational visualistics]]

* [[Information art]]

* [[Data management]]

* [[Data physicalization]]

* [[Data profiling]]

* [[Data warehouse]]

* [[imc FAMOS]] (1987), graphical data analysis

* [[Geovisualization]]

* [[Grand Tour (data visualisation)]]

* [[imc FAMOS]] (1987), graphical data analysis

* [[Infographics]]

* [[Information design]]

* [[Information management]]

* [[List of graphical methods]]

* [[List of information graphics software]]

* [[List of countries by economic complexity]], example of Treemapping

* [[List of mathematical art software]]

* [[Patent visualisation]] <!-- -ization form is red as of 1 Aug 21 -->

* [[SoftwareStatistical visualizationinference]]

* [[Warming stripes]]{{Div col end}}

* [[Statistical analysis]]

* [[Visual analytics]]

* [[Warming stripes]]{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==