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* The '''East Java XI Electoral District''' consists of the regencies of Bangkalan, Pamekasan, Sampang and Sumenep (all on Madura Island), and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.
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{{Historical populations|1971|25516999|1980|29188852|1990|32503991|1995|33844002|2000|34783640|2010|37476757|2015|38828061|2020|40665696|2023|41527930|type=|footnote=Source: [[Badan Pusat Statistik]] 2011, 2021 and 2024.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Jawa Timur Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.35)</ref>}} According to the 2000 [[census]], East Java had 34,765,993 people, which increased to 37,476,757 people at the 2010 Census,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jawapos.com/halaman/index.php?act=detail&nid=151080 |title=Archived copy |website=jawapos.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307211745/http://www.jawapos.com/halaman/index.php?act=detail&nid=151080 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and to 40,665,595 at the 2020 Census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021"/> making it the second most populous Indonesian province after [[West Java]]. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 41,527,930.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Jawa Timur Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.35)</ref>
Akin to [[Central Java]], the region's birth rates are not necessarily any lower than the rest of Java, however due to net population outflows, especially in times of calamity, not limited to volcanic eruptions or droughts, the region has varying rates of population growth that are generally lower than national average. Ethnic [[Javanese people|Javanese]] dominate the Java mainland as well as the total population of the province overall, while ethnic [[Madurese people|Madurese]] (include [[Bawean people|Bawean]]) inhabit Madura and the [[Kangean people|Kangean]] and Masalembu archipelagos, though centuries of migrations have led the Java mainland to have a larger proportion of Madurese people than Madura itself. Minorities include distinct Javanese ethnicities such as the [[Tenggerese people|Tengger]] people in the [[Mount Bromo]] region, and the [[Saminism Movement|Samin]] and the [[Osing people]] in [[Banyuwangi]]. East Java also hosts a significant population of foreign ethnic groups, such as [[Chinese Indonesian|Chinese]], Indians, and Arabs.
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