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In primates, a well-studied group, high rank brings reproductive success, as seen in a 1991 meta-analysis of 32 studies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cowlishaw |first1=Guy |last2=Dunbar |first2=Robin I. M. |s2cid=53190498 |year=1991 |title=Dominance rank and mating success in male primates |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=1045–1056 |doi=10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80642-6 }}</ref> A 2016 study determined that higher status increased reproductive success amongst men, and that this did not vary by type of subsistence (foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture). This contradicts the "egalitarian hypothesis", which predicts that status would affect reproductive success more amongst foragers than amongst nonforagers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Von Rueden |first1=Christopher R. |last2=Jaeggi |first2=Adrian V. |year=2016 |title=Men's status and reproductive success in 33 nonindustrial societies: Effects of subsistence, marriage system, and reproductive strategy |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=113 |issue=39 |pages=10824–10829 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1606800113 |pmid=27601650 |pmc=5047206 |bibcode=2016PNAS..11310824V |doi-access=free }}</ref>
High-ranking [[bonnet macaque]] males have more access to fertile females and consequently partake in most of the matings within the group; in one population, three males were responsible for over 75% of matings. In this population, males often vary in rank. As their rank improves, they gain more exclusive time with fertile females; when their rank decreases, they get less time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samuels |first1=A. |last2=Silk |first2=J. B. |last3=Rodman |first3=P. |s2cid=53186523 |year=1984 |title=Changes in the dominance rank and reproductive behavior of male bonnet macaques (''Macaca radiate'') |journal=Anim. Behav. |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=994–1003 |doi=10.1016/s0003-3472(84)80212-2}}</ref> In many primates, including bonnet macaques and [[rhesus monkey]]s, the offspring of high-ranking individuals have better fitness and thus an increased rate of survival. This is most likely a function of two factors: The first is that high-ranking males mate with high-ranking females. Assuming their high rank is correlated with higher fitness and fighting ability, this trait will be conferred to their offspring. The second factor is that higher-ranking parents probably provide better protection to their offspring and thus ensure higher survival rates.<ref name="Huntingford"/> Amongst rhesus macaques, higher-ranking males sired more offspring, though the alpha male was never the one to sire the most offspring, with that instead being a high-ranking but not top male. The complex relationship between rank and reproduction in this species is likely explained by the fact that rhesus macaques queue<!--i.e. wait until they arrive at the top,
In rodents, the highest-ranking male frequently sires the most offspring. The same pattern is found in most carnivores, such as the [[dwarf mongoose]]. The dwarf mongoose lives in a social system with one dominant pair. The dominant female produces all or almost all of the offspring in the living group, and the dominant male has first access to her during her oestrus period. In red deer, the males who experienced winter dominance, resulting from greater access to preferred foraging sites, had higher ability to get and maintain larger harems during the mating season.<ref name="Huntingford"/>
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