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Culture media compositions vary significantly in their mineral elements and vitamin content to accommodate diverse plant species requirements. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium is distinguished by its high nitrogen content in ammonium form, a characteristic not found in other formulations. [[Sucrose]] typically serves as the primary carbohydrate source across various media types.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
The interaction between auxins and cytokinins in regulating organogenesis is well-established, though responses vary by species. Some plants, such as tobacco, can spontaneously form shoot buds without exogenous growth regulators, while others like ''Scurrula pulverulenta'', ''[[Lettuce|Lactuca sativa]]'', and ''[[Brassica juncea]]'' strictly require hormonal supplementation. In ''B. juncea'' cotyledon cultures, [[6-Benzylaminopurine|benzylaminopurine]] (BAP) alone induces shoot formation from petiole tissue, similar to radiata pine where cytokinin alone suffices for shoot induction.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
Research indicates that endogenous hormone concentrations, rather than exogenous application levels, ultimately determine organogenic differentiation. Among the various cytokinins (2iP, BAP, thidiazuron, kinetin, and zeatin) used for shoot induction, BAP has demonstrated superior efficacy and widespread application. Auxins similarly influence organogenic pathways, with 2,4-D commonly used for callus induction in cereals, though organogenesis typically requires transfer to media containing IAA or NAA or lacking 2,4-D entirely. The auxin-to-cytokinin ratio largely determines which organs develop.{{cn|date=June 2025}}
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