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Despite its shortcomings, the concept of a spike-count rate code is widely used not only in experiments, but also in models of [[neural networks]]. It has led to the idea that a neuron transforms information about a single input variable (the stimulus strength) into a single continuous output variable (the firing rate).
There is a growing body of evidence that in [[Purkinje neurons]], at least, information is not simply encoded in firing but also in the timing and duration of non-firing, quiescent periods.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Forrest MD |title=Intracellular Calcium Dynamics Permit a Purkinje Neuron Model to Perform Toggle and Gain Computations Upon its Inputs. |journal=Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience |volume=8 |pages=86 |year=2014 | doi=10.3389/fncom.2014.00086 |pmid=25191262 |pmc=4138505|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Forrest MD |title=The sodium-potassium pump is an information processing element in brain computation |journal= Frontiers in Physiology |volume=5 |issue=472 |pages=472 | date=December 2014 |doi=10.3389/fphys.2014.00472 |pmid=25566080 |pmc=4274886 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There is also evidence from retinal cells, that information is encoded not only in the firing rate but also in spike timing.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Gollisch|first1=T.|last2=Meister|first2=M.|date=2008-02-22|title=Rapid Neural Coding in the Retina with Relative Spike Latencies|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1149639|journal=Science|language=en|volume=319|issue=5866|pages=1108–1111|doi=10.1126/science.1149639|pmid=18292344|bibcode=2008Sci...319.1108G|s2cid=1032537|issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription}}</ref> More generally, whenever a rapid response of an organism is required a firing rate defined as a spike-count over a few hundred milliseconds is simply too slow.<ref name=":0" />
==== Time-dependent firing rate (averaging over several trials) ====
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